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GIE 4 > Embryology of Cranium > Flashcards

Embryology of Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

What is Head Mesoderm? How does it differ from Branchial Arch Mesencyme?

A

Head Mesoderm = rostral to the notocord, all types of mesoderm merge together (i.e. axial mesoderm of notocord and intermediate mesoderm of lateral plate); Branchial Arch Mesenchyme forms when neural crest cells migrate down.

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2
Q

What cell type forms the neurocranium?

A

Head Mesoderm

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3
Q

What cell type forms the viscerocranium?

A

Branchial Arch Mesenchyme

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4
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

Brain case (frontal bone, occipital bone, parietal bones)

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5
Q

What is the viscerocranium?

A

Facial bones and cartilage

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6
Q

How does the Cartilaginous Neurocranium form?

A

Intercartilaginous Ossification

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7
Q

How does the Membranous Neurocranium form?

A

Membranous Ossification

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8
Q

How does the Cartilaginous Viscerocranium form?

A

Cartilaginous Ossification

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9
Q

How does the Membranous Viscerocranium form?

A

Membranous Ossification

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10
Q

What is intercartilaginous ossification?

A

Mesenchyme gathers in regions of bone formation –> Mesenchyme lays down chondrocytes –> changes mesenchyme into patterns of future bones –> osteoblasts come and convert model to bone. “intercartilaginous ossification” b/c cartilage forms in bone.

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11
Q

What’s intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchyme gathers in regions of bone formation –> membranes of mesoderm –> osteoblasts lay down spicules –> spicules of bone continue to be laid down and grow together to form flat bones

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12
Q

Why is it important that ossification be completed after birth?

A

So the baby’s head can fit through the birth canal and so the head can continue to grow after birth

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13
Q

What two disorders can occur if ossification occurs to early?

A

Craniosynostosis, Encephalocele

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14
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Ossification occurs too early; brain continues to grow but skull does not. Can decrease brain function / retardation

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15
Q

Encephalocele

A

Ossification occurs too early; brain continues to grow, skull does not; part of the brain grows outside the skull

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16
Q

What is the type of cartilage in cartilaginous viscerocranium?

A

Gill Arch Cartilage

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17
Q

What does the Gill Arch Cartilage lead to?

A

Stapes, Incus, thyroid cartilage, thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

Cartilage from which arches make up the Cartilaginous Viscerocranium?

A

All of them

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19
Q

Mesenchyme from which arch forms the Membranous Viscerocranium?

A

1st arch only

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20
Q

What bones make up the Cartilaginous Neurocranium?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

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21
Q

What bones make up the Membranous Neurocranium?

A

Frontal, Parietal

22
Q

What bones make up the Cartilaginous Viscerocranium?

A

Thyroid cartilage

23
Q

What bones make up the Membranous Viscerocranium?

A

Maxilla, mandible, nasal bone

24
Q

What cell type is the notocord made of?

A

Axial Mesoderm

25
Q

How is the notocord made?

A

Axial mesoderm secretes SHH –> Neural Plate –> overlying ectoderm changes fate to neural crest cells –> neural crest cells fold together –> Notocord

26
Q

Neural tube is ______________

A

Hollow and has CSF running through it

27
Q

Spinal Bifida Occulta

A

The neural tube does not close completely caudal; often sub-clinical.

28
Q

Spina Bifida Cystica

A

More serious than Spina Bifida Occulta; Vertebral Arch does not close all the way and spinal cord bulges out (risk of incontinence, paralysis)

29
Q

Spina Bifida with Myeloschisis

A

Most severe; Neural tube is open to the world… poses no problem in the womb but does after birth.

30
Q

What two regions comprise the forebrain?

A

The Telencephalon and Diencephalon

31
Q

Telencephalon (which ventricles?)

A

Most rostral; 1st and 2nd ventricles

32
Q

Diencephalon (which ventricles?)

A

3rd

33
Q

What is the mid-brain called? / Ventricle?

A

Mesencephalon / Cerebral Aquaduct

34
Q

What makes up the hind brain?

A

Metencephalon and Myencephalon

35
Q

What comprises the metencephalon?

A

Pons and Cerebellum

36
Q

What comprises the Myencephalon?

A

Brainstem and 4th ventricle

37
Q

What does the Choroid Plexus do?

A

Dangles down into each ventricle and pumps out CSF

38
Q

CSF’s role?

A

Protection, carries growth factors and is important in terms of signaling btw different parts of CSF

39
Q

What does the Telencephalon form?

A

The neocortex; seat of higher cognition; most of what you’re holding when you hold the brain

40
Q

What define the Telencephalon?

A

Sulci and Gyri

41
Q

What is the role of sulci and gyri?

A

Surface area; billions and billions of neurons need somewhere to go

42
Q

What is the sign of mental retardation?

A

Smooth brain

43
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

“Water in the brain”; caused by CSF blockage which compresses the growth of the brain; abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles

44
Q

What is Rathke’s Pouch?

A

Foregut; part of the stomodeum (ectoderm lined pit)

45
Q

What forms the pituitary gland?

A

Stalk pushes Rathke’s Pouch (foregut) toward the infundibulum of the diencephalon (floor of forebrain); stalk regresses and Rathke’s pouch forms anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

46
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

formed by outgrowth of Diencephalon

47
Q

Meningocele

A

Protrusion of meninges through the skull or spinal column

48
Q

What is special about the 1st Branchial Arch? (4)

A

1) Contributes to both divisions of the Viscerocranium, 2) Splits into 2 distinct prominences, 3) contributes to middle and external ear, 4) plays essential role in palate formation

49
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Excessive amniotic fluid; fetus does not control swallowing

50
Q

Anencephaly

A

No brain = Meroanencephaly,

51
Q

Exencephaly

A

Brain is located outside the skull

GIE 4 (1 decks)

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