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Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms > Embryology: Implantation to Gastrulation > Flashcards

Embryology: Implantation to Gastrulation Flashcards

1
Q

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)

A

Needed for blastocyst to implant to endometrial lining, mutations cause infertility

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2
Q

Blastocyst and endometrium must recognize and interface with each other in order for implantation (in order to stick)

A

Use glycolipids and glycoproteins

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3
Q

Spotting or Implantation Bleeding

A

Results from blastocyst implanting itself into vascular endometrium with syncytiotrophoblasts

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4
Q

General function of trophoblast

A

To connect to mother’s blood supply and become placenta

Trophoblast –> Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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5
Q

General function of embryoblast

A

To develop into embryo and supporting structures

Embryoblast –> Hypoblast and Epiblast (everything comes from epiblast)

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6
Q

Week 2 Characteristics of Embryogenesis

A
  1. Bilaminar Embryonic Disc (Epiblast/Hypoblast)
  2. Formation of 2 layers in embryo (Epi/Hypoblast)
  3. Formation of 2 layers in trophoblast (Cyto/Syncytiotrophoblast)
  4. Formation of 2 cavities above and below bilaminar disk (amniotic sac and yolk sac)
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7
Q

Epiblast differentiation

A

Epiblast –> Amnion and Amniotic Sac (cavity)

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8
Q

Hypoblast differentiation

A

Hypoblast –> Yolk sac, yolk sac cavity

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9
Q

What is HCG, where does it come from?

A

HCG = Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin, secreted from syncytiotrophoblast.

Function is to tell ovary to secrete hormones to maintain pregnancy, rate limiting step.

This is what pregnancy tests are looking for

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10
Q

Once placenta is setup, embryo is exposed to mom’s diet and ingestion

A

Doesn’t occur until after week 2, dependent on ovum material until then.

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11
Q

Teratogen susceptibility

A
  1. If happens during week 1-2 = prenatal death
  2. If happens during week 3-8, major morphological abnormalities
  3. After week 8 = CNS defects

Most susceptible during weeks 3-8

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12
Q

Embryo development stages

A 
Week 3: CNS, heart
Week 4-5: eye, heart, limbs
Week 6: ears, teeth
Week 7: palate
Week 8: ear, palate, genitalia
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13
Q

Extraembryonic (XE) Mesoderm

A
  1. Derived from epiblast
  2. Envelops embryoblast structures
  3. Develops into somatic XE mesoderm and splanchnic XE mesoderm
  4. Functions as mechanical and trophic support
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14
Q

XE Mesoderm mechanism

A
  1. XE mesoderm forms
  2. XE coelom begins as splits in XE mesoderm (then becomes cavity)
  3. Cavity is called chorionic cavity, connecting stalk becomes umbilical cord
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15
Q

Week 3 characteristics

A

3 layers of trophoblast: syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, XE mesoderm

3 cavities: amnion, yolk sac, chorion

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16
Q

Splanchnic XE mesoderm vs. Somatic XE mesoderm

A

Splanchnic covers the yolk sac/embryo

Somatic covers the entire structure including the chorionic cavity

17
Q

Chorionic villus

A

Becomes placenta, is location for chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to test for genetic defects and diseases

18
Q

Gastrulation

A

Beginning of morphogenesis (development of body forms)

19
Q

3 primary germ layers

A
  1. Endoderm (hypoblast)
  2. Mesoderm (migrating cells from epiblast)
  3. Ectoderm (epiblast)
20
Q

Purpose of germ layers

A

Give rise to all organs and tissues of the adult

21
Q

Primitive Streak

A
  1. Marks beginning of gastrulation
  2. Determines axis of embryonic development
  3. Has a mouth (buccopharyngeal) and tail end
  4. Elongates from tail to mouth –> pit/node
22
Q

Formation and incomplete separation of 2 primitive streaks can result in conjoined twins

A

Other way is incomplete division of inner cell mass (embryoblast)

23
Q

Primitive streak elongates with cells added to caudal end

A

Cells migrate to the center of the embryo

24
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Most primitive connective tissue, results from epiblast cells migrating to become mesoderm

25
Q

Trilaminar embryonic disk

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Also notochord development

26
Q

Ectoderm

A

Becomes skin, CNS

27
Q

Mesoderm

A

GI tract, intestinal lining

28
Q

Teratomas

A

Have pieces from all germ layers

29
Q

Most common congenital germ cell tumor

A

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT)

Predominantly in females. Can intervene in utero and excise.

30
Q

Germ layer defects

A

Caudal dysplasia, caudal regression syndrome

Results in underdevelopment to lower limbs, fish tail appearance

31
Q

Major occurrences in week 3

A
  1. Appearance of primitive streak
  2. Differentiation of 3 primary germ layers
  3. Development of notochord
32
Q

Notochord

A
  1. Acts as axis for embryo development
  2. Foundation for vertebral column
  3. Develops future CNS (neural tube)

Molecular & Cellular Mechanisms (11 decks)

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