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Applied Anatomy II > Embryology Exam > Flashcards

Embryology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What day does the cranial pore close?

A

Day 24

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2
Q

What day does the caudal pore close?

A

Day 26

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3
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A
  1. prosencephalon
  2. mesencephalon
  3. rhombencephalon
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4
Q

secondary brain vesicles of the prosencephalon and what do they develop into?

A
  1. telencephalon – cerebral hemispheres

2. diencephalon – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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5
Q

what does the mesencephalon develop into?

A

adult midbrain

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6
Q

secondary brain vesicles of the rhombencephalon and what do they develop into?

A
  1. metencephalon – pons and cerebellum

2. myelencephalon – medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Cavity of the telencephalon becomes which definite ventricle?

A

paired lateral ventricles

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8
Q

Cavity of the diencephalon becomes which definite ventricle?

A

3rd ventricle

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9
Q

Cavity of the mesencephalon becomes which definite ventricle?

A

cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius

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10
Q

Cavity of the rhombencephalon becomes which definite ventricle?

A

4th ventricle

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11
Q

Where does the spinal cord in newborns terminate?

A

L2-L3

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12
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life; allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment

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13
Q

Cardiovascular changes that occur with pregnancy

A
  1. cardiac output increases
  2. decrease TPR
  3. HR increases (12 bpm)
  4. BP initially decreases but returns to normal
  5. lower limb venous pressure increases (weight of uterus on iliac veins and IVC)
  6. supine hypotension (supine position occludes the IVC)
  7. plasma volume increases (around 50%)
  8. RBC increase
  9. Fluid retention
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14
Q

Respiratory changes that occur with pregnancy

A
  1. oxygen consumption increased by 20%
  2. hyperventilation of pregnancy - increased sensitivity to CO2
  3. dyspnea may occur with exercise
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15
Q

Postural chances that occur with pregnancy

A
  1. forward head/shoulders
  2. increased thoracic kyphosis
  3. lumbar lordosis
  4. anterior pelvic tilt
  5. wider BOS
  6. waddling gait
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16
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

hormonal changes during pregnancy lead to impaired glucose intolerance (high blood sugar) or insulin produced is increased, but if not sufficient, blood sugar levels will rise (leads to weight gain in baby)

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17
Q

Placenta previa

A

placenta is covering the cervix

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18
Q

Pre-eclampsia (toxenia)

A

high blood pressure in moth- occurs closer to time of delivery/ second half of pregnancy; dangerous for both mother and baby

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19
Q

Placenta abrupto

A

placenta starts to pull away from the uterine wall

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20
Q

What week is the endodermal gut tube formed?

A

4th week

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21
Q

The 3 regions of the gut tube after folding and their blood supply

A
  1. foregut- celiac trunk (pharynx, esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum)
  2. midgut- superior mesenteric artery (inferior duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, right 2/3 transverse colon) — open to the yolk sac, connected by vitelline duct
  3. hindgut- inferior mesenteric artery (left 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)
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22
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

tissue herniated outside of the umbilicus

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23
Q

omphalocele

A

abdominal organs protruding from the anterior abdominal wall- the organs are covered by a sac, GI function is normal

-often occurs as part of a constellation of abnormalities associated with chromosomal defect (Down syndrome)

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24
Q

gastroschisis

A

herniation through a ventral wall defect- no covering sac (GI tract is damaged from amniotic fluid and does not function properly, not usually associated with other abnormalities.

25
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A

projection of the ileum connected by a fibrous band to the umbilicus. Usually doesn’t cause people problems (only 2% have GI issues)

26
Q

Intracartilaginous (endochondral) ossification

A

forms long bones of the limbs and axial skeleton

  1. cartilage model
  2. primary ossification center (diaphysis)
  3. growth plate (physis)
  4. secondary ossification (epiphysis)
27
Q

what are the 3 cell types important for endochondral ossification?

A
  1. chondrocytes- lay down the cartilage model
  2. osteoblasts - formation of bone model
  3. osteoclasts- shape and remodel bone
28
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

formation of the calvaria, tarsal bones, carpal bones and part of clavicle

29
Q

what day are upper limb buds visible by?

A

24 days

30
Q

what day are lower limb buds visible by?

A

26-28 days

31
Q

meromelia

A

absence of part of a limb

32
Q

amelia

A

absence of one or more limbs

33
Q

hemimelia

A

one of the paired bones of the UE or LE are missing (radius/ulna; tibia/fibula)

34
Q

phocomelia

A

short, ill formed upper or lower limbs

35
Q

terminal deficiency

A

absence of a limb with all portions in line with and distal to the defect involved

36
Q

transverse deficiency

A

absence of the entire width of a limb

37
Q

polydactyly

A

presence of extra digits or parts of digits

38
Q

syndactyly

A

fusion of digits

39
Q

adactyly

A

absence of all digits on a limb

40
Q

achondroplasia

A

autosomal dominant defect in converting cartilage to bone; enlarged head and decreased muscle tone may result in delayed development, frequent middle ear infections, marked lordosis and thoracic kyphosis, compression of the spinal cord, sleep apnea, obesity

41
Q

proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD)

A

partial defect of the femur –> unstable hip joint, shortening of the limb; may use prosthesis

42
Q

What day does the heart begin to beat?

A

day 21-22

43
Q

what are the four primitive chambers of the heart and what do they develop into?

A
  1. sinus venosus - inflow end
    (2 horns: L horn = coronary sinus, R horn = part of R atrium
  2. primitive atrium - parts of both atria
  3. primitive ventricle - left ventricle
  4. bulbus cordis - right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk (truncus arteriosus and conus arteriosus)
44
Q

the three shunts of the heart present during fetal development and when do they close?

A
  1. foramen ovale- shuts down right after birth
  2. ductus arteriosus - shuts down few days after birth
  3. ductus venosus - shuts down after a week
45
Q

Two categories of congenital heart defects and which way does the blood shunt?

A
  1. Acyanotic - blood shunts from L to R

2. Cyanotic - blood shunts from R to L

46
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

oxygenated blood from the left ventricle shunts via the septum into the right ventricle. This volume load causes enlargement of both ventricles and the pulmonary artery, and exposes the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to abnormally high pressures

47
Q

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

Oxygenated blood from the left atrium shunts via the atrial septa into the right atrium. This volume load causes enlargement of both atria, the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. (strain on the right side of the heat and lungs causing them to work harder)

48
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

blood traveling out to the body is not oxygenated enough.

  1. pulmonary stenosis
  2. VSD
  3. overriding aorta (displaced to the right side)
  4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle
49
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A

mixing oxygenated blood from the aorta with pulmonary deoxygenated blood; would be beneficial to have if cyanotic (can give medication to keep open)

50
Q

transposition of the great arteries

A

aorta is position over the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is over left ventricle. If unable to do surgery, 90% mortality rate

51
Q

hypoplastic left-sided heart syndrome

A

left ventricle is very underdeveloped, PDA is helpful to have –problems with brain development; high mortality rate

worst of all congenital heart defects

52
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

inadequate production of surfactant– alveoli stick together due to the increased surface tension, difficulties expanding the lungs

-may progress to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), also risk of intraventircular hemorrage

53
Q

meconium aspiration

A

if the meconium is passed in birth canal, baby may aspirate, resulting in airway obstruction and pneumonitis

54
Q

two parts of the blasocyst and what it gives rise to

A

embryoblast- inner cell mass- embryo

trophoblast- outer cell mass- placenta

55
Q

primary yolk sac

A

hypoblast sends out a wave of cells that line the blastocyst cavity –Heuser’s membrane

56
Q

epiblast vs hypoblast

A

epiblast- dorsal

hypoblast- ventral

57
Q

chorionic cavity

A

the cavity that forms and fills with fluid when the extraembryonic mesoderm splits into two layers

58
Q

secondary (definitive) yolk sac

A

hypoblast sends out a second wave of cells that push into the chorionic cavity
-primary yolk sac begins to disintegrate

Applied Anatomy II (1 decks)

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