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11. Urinary > Embryology. Development of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Embryology. Development of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sets of excretory organs in development of the kidneys?

A

Pronephros, mesonephro, metanephros.

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2
Q

When does the pronephros appear and regress in kidney development?

A

Appears at the start of week 4 and regresses at the end of week 4.

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3
Q

Is the pronephros functional?

A

No.

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4
Q

When does the mesonephros appear and regress in kidney development?

A

Appears at the end week 4 and regresses at the end of week 8.

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5
Q

Is the mesonephros functional?

A

Yes but no water conserving mechanism.

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6
Q

Aside from kidney development, what is the mesonephros duct important for?

A

Development of the male reproductive tract.

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7
Q

What sprouts from the mesonehric duct in kidney development?

A

Ureteric bud, the primordium of the collecting system of the definitive kidney.

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8
Q

When does the metanephros appear and regress?

A

Appears in week 5 and doesn’t regress.

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9
Q

Is the metanephros functional?

A

Yes, from the end of the first trimester.

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10
Q

What does the collecting system develop from?

A

The ureteric bud.

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11
Q

What does excretory system develop from?

A

Metanephric tissue cap.

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12
Q

What does the embryonic kidney originate from?

A

The urogenital ridge - a region of the intermediate mesoderm.

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13
Q

What does the pronephros produce?

A

The pronephric duct.

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14
Q

Where is the pronephric duct?

A

Extends from the cervical region of the cloaca.

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15
Q

What is the role of the pronephric duct?

A

Drives development of the next stage - mesonephric duct.

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16
Q

Where do the tubules sprouted by the mesonephros develop?

A

Caudal to the pronephric region.

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17
Q

What makes up the embryonic kidney?

A

The mesonephric tubules and the mesonephric duct.

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18
Q

What does the ureteric bud induce?

A

Development of the definitive kidney.

19
Q

Where does the definitive kidney develop?

A

Within the intermediate mesoderm of the caudal region of the embryo.

20
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney first appear?

A

In the pelvic region.

21
Q

How do the kidneys end up more caudal than the pelvic region?

A

They don’t move themselves, but the trunk distends downwards so the kidneys effectively move caudally.

22
Q

What do the kidneys cross in their ascent?

A

The arterial fork formed by vessels returning blood from the foetus to the placenta.

23
Q

What is renal agenesis?

A

The ureteric bud fails to interact with the intermediate mesoderm.

24
Q

What is a risk of a migration defect of the kidney?

A

The kidneys lie extremely close to each other so they can get stuck on the arterial fold and fuse to form a horseshoe kidney.

25
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney?

A

A result of a migration defect where both kidneys get stuck on the arterial fold and fuse.

26
Q

What are duplication defects of the kidney due to?

A

Splitting of the ureteric bud, either partial or complete.

27
Q

What is the systemic consequence of duplication defects of the kidneys?

A

Ectopic openings into the vagina or urethra, so the urine bypasses the bladder and there is incontinence.

28
Q

What is the normal arterial supply development of the kidneys?

A

As the kidneys ‘ascend’ they require new arterial supply, and the previous supply disappears.

29
Q

What causes supernumerary arteries to the kidneys?

A

When the original arterial supply doesn’t disappear on ascent of the kidneys.

30
Q

What is the bladder derived from?

A

The hindgut, the caudal portion of the primitive gut tube from the fourth week of development.

31
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

A blind pouch dilation of the caudal portion of the gut tube.

32
Q

What separates the cloaca from the outside?

A

The cloacal membrane - one of the two mesoderm-less regions left present after gastrulation.

33
Q

What is the cloaca divided into and what by?

A

The urogenital sinus (future bladder and urethra) and anorectal canal (future rectum and anal canal) by the urorectal septum.

34
Q

Where does the bladder develop?

A

In the allantois - superoventral diverticulum of the hindgut that extends into the umbilical cord.

35
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Superoventral diveriticulum of the hindgut that extends into the umbilical cord.

36
Q

What is the fate of the allantois?

A

Its lumen is obliterated to become the urachus, the median umbilical ligament in adults.

37
Q

Describe the development of the male bladder.

A

Mesonephric ducts reach urogenital sinus, ureteric bud sprouts from mesonephric ducts. Smooth musculature begins to appear and urogenital sinus expands. Ureteric bud and mesonephric ducts make independent opening in the urogenital sinus. Prostate and prostatic formed from mesonephric ducts.

38
Q

Describe the development of the female bladder.

A

Mesonephric ducts reach the urogenital sinus, ureteric bud sprouts from the mesonephric ducts. The urogenital sinus begins to expand and mesonephric duct regresses. This regression continues, the ureteric duct opens into the urogenital sinus.

39
Q

What is the female urethra formed by?

A

The pelvic part of the urogenital sinus.

40
Q

What are the four parts of the male urethra?

A

Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy.

41
Q

What is exstrophy of the bladder/ urachal anomalies?

A

A congenital anomaly in which part of the urinary bladder is present outside the body.

42
Q

What causes exstrophy of the bladder?

A

Maldevelopment of the lower abdominal wall, leading to rupture that causes the bladder to communicate with amniotic fluid. Or urachal fistula - patent urachus.

43
Q

What happens if the urachus remains as a duct?

A

It will connect the bladder to the umbilicus.

44
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

A defect in fusion of urethral folds. The urethral opens onto the ventral surface, rather than at the end of the glans.

11. Urinary (12 decks)

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