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GI TRACT > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bloody supply to the foregut?

A

By the Celiac artery

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2
Q

What is the blood supply to the midgut?

A

By the superior mesenteric artery

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3
Q

What is the blood supply to the hindgut?

A

By the inferior mesenteric artery

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4
Q

Components of the foregut?

A

Pharynx, oesophagus, stomach , proximal half of the duodenum and derivative (liver, biliary appeared and pancreas)

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5
Q

Components of the midgut?

A

Distal half of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, right 2/3rds of the transverse colon

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6
Q

Components of the hindgut?

A

Left 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal

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7
Q

What happens in the 4th week of development ?

A

Embryo begins to fold and change shape from a flat trilaminar disc into a cylinder - embryonic folding

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8
Q

Folding occurs in two planes, horizontal and medial- why?

A

Because of the differing rates of growth of the embryonic structures

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9
Q

What does folding in the horizontal plane result in?

A

Formation of two lateral body folds

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10
Q

What does folding in the medial plane result in?

A

Formation of the cranial and caudal folds

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11
Q

What is the endoderm mainly responsible for ?

A

Development of the GI tract

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12
Q

How is the primitive guy tube formed ?

A

As embryonic folding continues, the endoderm moves towards the midline and fuses- incorporating the dorsal part of the yolk sac to form the primitive gut tube

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13
Q

What is the primitive gut tube derived from?

A

Endoderm and visceral mesoderm

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14
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Epithelial lining of the digestive tract
Hepatocytes of the liver
Endocrine and exocrine cells of pancreas

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15
Q

What does the visceral mesoderm give rise to?

A

Muscle, connective tissue and peritoneal components of the wall of the gut
Connective tissue for the glands

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16
Q

What does the primitive gut tube differentiate into?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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17
Q

What end of the embryo is the foregut?

A

Cranial end

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18
Q

How is the mouth formed ?

A

The foregut is temporarily closed by the oropharyngeal membrane, this ruptures to form the mouth at the end of the 4th week of development.

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19
Q

How long does the yolk sac remain connected to the midgut.

A

Until the 5th week of development

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20
Q

Which end of the embryo does the hindgut lie?

A

Caudal

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21
Q

How is the anus formed ?

A

Hindgut is temporarily closed by the cloacal membrane which ruptures to form the anus during the 7th week of development

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22
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

Part of the foregut

Extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the respiratory diverticulum

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23
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

In the 4th and 5th week of fetal life

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24
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5, (1,2,3,4,6)

25
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches do?

A

Contribute to the external appearance of the embryo

26
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches formed from?

A

Formed of masses of mesenchymal tissue (connective tissue from the mesoderm) which are invaded by cranial neural crest cells

27
Q

Pharyngeal arch is covered externally by endoderm which forms?

A

Pharyngeal clefts

28
Q

Pharyngeal arch is covered internally by ectoderm which forms?

A

Pharyngeal pouches

29
Q

1st Arch
Innervation:
Muscles:
Bone:

A

1st Arch
Innervation: mandibular nerve (V3- i.e. 3rd branch of trigeminal (V) )
Muscles: mastication, tensor tympani, digastric, myolohyoid.
Bone: maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus

30
Q

2nd Arch:
Innervation:
Muscles:
Bone:

A

2nd arch:
Innervation: facial nerve (VII)
Muscles: facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid
Bone: stapes, styloid and lesser horn of hyoid cartilage

31
Q

3rd arch:
Innervation:
Muscles:
Bone:

A

3rd Arch:
Innervation: glossopharyngeal nerve (XI)
Muscles: stylopharyngeus of the pharynx
Bone: body and greater horn of hyoid cartilage

32
Q

4th Arch:
Innervation:
Muscles:
Bone:

A

4th Arch
Innervation: superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve (X)
Muscles: cricothyroid
Bone:thyroid cartilage and epiglottic cartilage

33
Q

6th Arch:
Innervation:
Muscles:
Bone:

A

6th Arch
Innervation:recurrent laryngeal nerve of Vagus nerve (X)
Muscles: all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
Bone: cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage

34
Q

When do respiratory diverticulum appear?

A

In the 4th week, at the ventral wall of the foregut

35
Q

How is the foregut divided into the ventral respiratory primordial and dorsal oesophagus?

A

The trancheosophageal septum develops and separates the respiratory diverticulum from the dorsal part of the foregut

36
Q

What are the mesenteries?

A

They suspend parts of the gut tube from the dorsal and ventral body walls
Double layers or peritoneum that surround an organ and connect it to the body wall, such as an organ- called intraperitoneal

37
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

When an organ is sitting directly on the posterior abdominal wall and covered by peritoneum on its anterior surface only

38
Q

What are ligaments ?

A

Double layers of peritoneum which pass from one organ to another roe from one organ to the body wall

39
Q

What do mesenteries and ligaments do?

A

Provide pathways for blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves to go and come from the abdominal viscera

40
Q

By the 5th week, the lower part of the foregut, midgut and major part of the hindgut are suspended from what?

A

The posterior abdominal wall by the dorsal mesentery - which extends from the lower part of the oesophagus to the cloacal region

41
Q

Why is the ventral mesentery present ?

A

In the region of the foregut- terminal part of the oesophagus, the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum

42
Q

What type of mesenteries does the foregut have?

A

Ventral and dorsal

43
Q

What type of mesenteries does the midgut and hindgut have ?

A

Only dorsal

44
Q

What is the ventral mesentery derived from?

A

Septum transversum

45
Q

What does the free lower margin contain?

A

Hepatic artery, portal vein and bile duct

46
Q

Where does the liver develop ?

A

In the ventral mesentery and divided it into the lesser omentum and falciform ligament

47
Q

How does the stomach appear in the 4th week?

A

As a fusiform dilation in the foregut

48
Q

What is the developing stomach attached to?

A

Body walks by the dorsal and ventral mesenteries

49
Q

What nerves flank the left and right side of the developing stomach?

A

Left and right vagus nerves

50
Q

What wall of the stomach grows faster ?

A

Dorsal grows faster than the ventral wall- this differential growth forms the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach

51
Q

How is the lesser sac produced ?

A

During the 7th week the stomach rotates 90° clockwise about a longitudinal axis producing the space behind the stomach called the lesser sac

52
Q

How is the duodenum pulled into a C-shape?

A

In the 8th week, the stomach and duodenum rotate about a ventral-dorsal axis pulling the end of the stomach upwards the the duodenum into a C shape

53
Q

What do the rotations of the stomach and duodenum in the 8th week result in?

A

The thinning of the dorsal mesentery- which now hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach now named the greater omentum

54
Q

What forms the lesser omentum?

A

The ventral mesentery is now attached to the developing liver and has formed the lesser omentum

55
Q

What produced the distinct spaces of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The development of the omen and the rotations of the foregut

56
Q

What is the space posterior to the stomach called?

A

Lesser sac

57
Q

What is the space anterior to the stomach called?

A

Greater sac

58
Q

How do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?

A

Via small opening called the epiploic foramen

GI TRACT (2 decks)

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