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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

When does formation of the tongue start?

A

4th week

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2
Q

Which pharyngeal arch is the mucous membrane derived from?

A

1st Arch

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3
Q

How many swellings do the anterior 2/3 of the tongue have?

A

2 lateral swellings
1 median swelling
-hypobranchial eminence (from mesoderm of 2nd, 3rd, and part of 4th arch)

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4
Q

What does the 2nd arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Facial nerve: contributes taste to anterior 2/3rd of the tongue

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5
Q

What does the 3rd branchial arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Overgrows: Glossopharyngeal nerve-posterior 1/3rd of the tongue

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6
Q

What does the 4th branchial arch contribute to the tongue?

A

Third swelling: superior laryngeal nerve-posterior most part of the tongue (epiglottis)

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7
Q

What contributes to the sensations of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue?

A
  • lingual (general) (branch of mandibular division of 5th nerve, 1st arch)
  • chorda tympani (special) (branch of facial nerve, 2nd arch)
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8
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue derived from?

A

Derived from occipital myotomes (somites) innervated by-Hypoglossal nerve

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9
Q

What germ layers are the GIT derived from?

A

Endoderm-epithelial lining and glands of digestive and respiratory tracts

Mesoderm-wall of digestive and respiratory tracts; visceral serosa

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10
Q

What happens during the 3rd-4th week?

A
  • Neural tube elevates and closes dorsally
  • Gut tube rolls and closes ventrally
  • Flat trilaminar embryonic disc becomes cylindrical
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11
Q

What are the head fold, tail fold, and lateral folds that occur during the 3rd-4th week?

A
  • Head and tail fold: caused by growth of neural tube
  • Lateral folds: caused by growth of somites
  • Margins of four folds-bound the primitive umbilical opening
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12
Q

Ventral body wall defects involve one/both …

A

Lateral body wall folds fail to progress ventrally to fuse in midline

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13
Q

What are the ventral body wall defects in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis?

A

Thorax: ectopia cordis
Abdomen: gastroschisis
Pelvis: bladder/cloacal exstrophy

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of gastroschisis?

A
  • Due to abnormal closure of the body walls around the connecting stalk
  • Abdominal viscera herniate through the body wall directly into the amniotic cavity
  • Detected prenatally through ultrasonography and by elevated alpha-fetoprotein
  • The defect occurs usually on the right side of the umbilicus
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15
Q

How is the primitive gut tube formed?

A

As a result of craniocaudal (cephalocaudal) and lateral folding
-portion of the yolk sac is incorporated into the embryo to form primitive gut tube

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16
Q

What do the endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest contribute to the primitive gut tube?

A

Endoderm: epithelial lining of the GI

Mesoderm: lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia/serosa

Neural Crest: neurons and nerves of the submucosal and myenteric plexus

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17
Q

For molecular regulation of GIT, specification is initiated by what?

A

Retinoic Acid gradient

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18
Q

The retinoic acid gradient causes which transcription to the expressed and what do they regulate?

A

SOX2-esophagus and stomach
PDX1-duodenum
CDXC-small intestine
CDXA-large intestine and rectum

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19
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is initiated by what gene?This gene expression establos nested expression of what gene?

A

Sonic Hedgehog gene (SHH)

HOX genes in mesoderm

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20
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the foregut?

A

Celiac artery, esophagus, stomach, duodenum (first and upper half of 2nd part), liver, pancreas, biliary apparatus, gallbladder

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21
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves for the foregut?

A

Parasympathetic-vagus
Sympathetic:
-preganglionic T5-T9 thoracic splanchnic nerves
-postganglianic cell bodies: celiac ganglion

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22
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery, duodenum (lower half of second part, third and fourth part), jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon (right two-thirds)

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23
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves from the midgut?

A

Parasympathetic: vagus
Sympathetic:
-preganglionic T8-T11 thoracic splanchnic nerves
-postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion

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24
Q

What are the adult structures derived from the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery, transverse colon (left one-third), descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal (above pectinate line)

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25
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves derived from the hindgut?

A

Parasympathetic: pelvis splanchnic
Sympathetic:
-preganglionic L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerves
-postganglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion

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26
Q

What is the referred pain for the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Foregut-epigastrum
Midgut-umbilical
Hindgut-Hypogastrum

27
Q

After folding of the embryo, the primitive gut tube is suspended by what?

A

Dorsal and ventral mesenteries

28
Q

What are the derivatives of the ventral mesentery?

A

Lesser omentum, (hepatoduodenal and hepatigastric ligaments), falciform ligament, coronary ligament, triangular ligament

29
Q

What are the derivatives of the dorsal mesentery?

A

Greater omentum, (gastrorenal, gastrosplenic, gastrocolic, and splenoral ligaments, mesentery of small intestine, mesoappendix, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon

30
Q

What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, duodenum (first part), tail of pancreas, jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon

A

Major intraperitoneal

31
Q

What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: duodenum(2nd and 3rd parts), pancreas (head, neck, and body), ascending colon, descending colon, upper rectum

A

Major secondary retroperitoneal organs

32
Q

What kind of “peritoneal” organs are: kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, aorta, inferior vena cava, lower rectum, anal canal

A

Major primary retroperitoneal organs

33
Q

The tracheoesophageal septum divides the foregut into what?

A

Esophagus and trachea

34
Q

What deformation is it when the upper esophagus ends in a bind pouch and lower segment forming fistula with the trachea?

A

Esophageal atresia

35
Q

What deformation occurs when the esophagus fails to recanalize?

A

Esophageal stenosis

36
Q

What deformity occurs when the esophagus fails to lengthen sufficiently?

A

Congenital hiatal hernia

37
Q

What develops from a fusiform dilation of foregut during the 4th week?

A

Stomach

38
Q

What abnormality results in the narrowing of pyloric lumen?

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

39
Q

This structure forms from endodermal outgrowth from the foregut-hepatic diverticulum?

A

Liver

40
Q

What forms from the proximal part of the hepatitic diverticulum? Distal part?

A

Biliary duct system; gallbladder

41
Q

What is caused from the incomplete recanilization leading to occlusion of biliary ducts? What is this condition associated with?

A

Extra hepatic biliary atresia; associated with jaundice soon after birth, pale stool, and dark colored urine

42
Q

During the 3rd month of fetal life, what develops in the pancreas? What begins in the 5th month?

A

Pancreatic islets (of langerhans); insulin secretion

43
Q

The ventral pancreatic bud moves dorsally and finally lies below and behind the dorsal pancreatic bid and fuses with the later when what happens?

A

When the duodenum rotates to the right

44
Q

What is is called when there is abnormal migration of parts of ventral pancreatic buds and forms a ring around the second part of the duodenum?

A

Anular pancreas

45
Q

What is it called when the midgut loop fails to return to the abdominal cavity?

A

Omphalocele

46
Q

What is it called when there is persistence of remnants of the vitelline duct?

A

Ileal (Meckel’s) diverticulum

47
Q

What is it called when there is persistence of patent vitelline duct?

A

Vitelline (umbilical) fistula

48
Q

What is it called when both ends of the vitelline duct transform into fibrous cords?

A

Vitelline cyst

49
Q

What is a mobile cecum?

A

When there is persistence of a portion of the mesocolon

50
Q

What is a retro colic hernia?

A

Entrapment if portions of small intestine behind the mesocolon

51
Q

What condition is associated with malrotation of the midgut?

A

Volvulus

52
Q

What is gut atresia a result of?

A

Mis expression of HOX genes and of genes of receptors in the FGF family

53
Q

This occurs when the lumen of the duodenum is occluded owing to failed recanalization

A

Duodenal atresia

54
Q

This occurs when the proximal jejunum is affected and coiled around the remnant of mesentery

A

Apple peel atresia

55
Q

Abnormal formation of cloaca and or urorectal septum results in

A
  • rectovesical fistula
  • rectourethral fistula
  • rectovaginal fistula
56
Q

This occurs when the anal membrane fails to breakdown

A

Imperforate anus

57
Q

This occurs due to a failure of migration of neural crest cells into the colonic wall (myenteric plexus) during 5th-7th week of gestation

A

Congenital megacolon/ aganglionic megacolon/ hirschsprung disease

58
Q

Specification of the GIT is initiated by what?

A

Retinoic Acid Gradient

59
Q

RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the esophagus and stomach?

A

SOX2

60
Q

RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the duodenum?

A

PDX1

61
Q

RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the small intestine?

A

CDXC

62
Q

RA causes which transcription factor to be expressed in the large intestine and rectum?

A

CDXA

63
Q

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions is initiated by what?

A

SHH

Establishes a nested expression of HOX genes in mesoderm

GIT (3 decks)

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