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Phase 1 Medicine - extra cards > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lung bud form from?

A

The respiratory diverticulum - an out pouching of the foregut

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2
Q

What are the five stages of respiratory tract development?

A
  1. Embryonic
  2. Pseudo-glandular
  3. Canicular
  4. Saccular
  5. Alveolar
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3
Q

What happens in the embryonic phase of respiratory tract development and when does it occur?

A

0-5 weeks

Lungs and trachea develop

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4
Q

What happens in the pseudo-glandular phase of respiratory tract development and when does it occur?

A

5-16 weeks

Branching of the trachea

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5
Q

What happens in the canicular phase of respiratory tract development and when does it occur?

A

16-26 weeks

Respiratory bronchioles form

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6
Q

What happens in the saccular phase of respiratory tract development and when does it occur?

A

26w - birth

Terminal sacs form

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7
Q

What happens in the alveolar phase of respiratory tract development and when does it occur?

A

8m-childhood

Alveoli mature

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8
Q

Describe the first breath.

A

Fluid removed from the lungs
Adrenaline - increases surfactant release
Air inhaled
O2 vasodilates the pulmonary vessels
Umbilical arteries and ductus arteriousus constricts.. Foreamen ovale closes.

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9
Q

What separates the lung bud from the oesophagus in the embryo?

A

Transoesophageal septum

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10
Q

From what layer of the tri-laminar disc is the pleura derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

From what layer of the tri-laminar disc is the respiratory tract derived from?

A

Endoderm

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12
Q

Do the lungs function in the embryo?

A

NO! They are of no use. Gas exchange occurs via the placenta.

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13
Q

What is the PaO2 equal to in the foetus?

A

3.2 KPa (equivalent to 31,000 feet)

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14
Q

In what direction does blood shunt in the foetus?

A

Right to Left: due to high vascular resistance in the lungs
meaning the pressure is higher in the right of the heart (supplies the lungs) than the left, thus blood will shunt through to the left via the foramen ovale

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15
Q

When is surfactant first produced?

A

At 34 weeks of gestation and production increased rapidly 2 weeks prior to birth.

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16
Q

Surfactant deficiency in premature babies can result in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. What are the implications of this?

A

Since low surfactant decreases lung compliance means that the baby can only inspire by the most strenuous of effort which may ultimately result in complete exhaustion, inability to breather, lung collapse and death

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17
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Shunts blood from aorta to left pulmonary artery

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18
Q

What does the ductus venosus do?

A

Shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC

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19
Q

What does the foreamen ovale do?

A

Shunts oxygenated blood from RA to LA

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20
Q

Where does the foregut begin and end in the embryo?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane to the liver bud

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21
Q

Where does the midgut begin and end in the embryo?

A

Liver bud to 2/3 along TC

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22
Q

Where does the hindgut begin and end in the embryo?

A

Distal 1/3 of TC to cloacal membrane

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23
Q

Why are the foregut, midgut and hindgut divisions different in the adult compared to in the embryo?

A

It changes due to the formation of the ampulla of vater.

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24
Q

Are the pharyngeal clefts formed in the endoderm or ectoderm?

A

Ectoderm.

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25
Q

Are the pharyngeal pouches formed in the endoderm or ectoderm?

A

Endoderm.

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26
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

5 (4 pharyngeal clefts and pouches).

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27
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch form?

A

Muscles for mastication. Innervation: Cn 5.

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28
Q

What does the second pharyngeal arch form?

A

Muscles for facial expression. Innervation: Cn 7.

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29
Q

What does the third pharyngeal arch form?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle. Innervation: Cn 9.

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30
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal arch form?

A

Cricothyroid muscle. Innervation: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve (Cn 10).

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31
Q

What does the sixth pharyngeal arch form?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the Larynx. Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal nerve (Cn 10).

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32
Q

What are the 5 stages of midgut development?

A
  1. Elongation.
  2. Herniation.
  3. Rotation.
  4. Retraction.
  5. Fixation.
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33
Q

What connects the midgut to the yolk sac?

A

The Vitelline duct.

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34
Q

What happens in the elongation stage of midgut development?

A

Rapid elongation forms the primary intestinal loop. The proximal part of the loop forms the small intestine and the distal part forms the large intestine up to 2/3 TC.

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35
Q

What happens in the herniation stage of midgut development?

A

The rapid growth of the intestinal loop means it is pushed into the extra embryonic cavity in the umbilical cord.

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36
Q

What happens in the rotation stage of midgut development?

A

The elongated intestinal loop rotates 270 degrees anticlockwise.

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37
Q

What happens in the retraction stage of midgut development?

A

In the 10th week the herniated midgut returns into the expanded abdominal cavity. Th jejunum is first to return.

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38
Q

What happens in fixation of midgut organs?

A

This is when some regions of the gut lose their dorsal mesentery. These regions become retroperitoneal.

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39
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery become?

A

The greater omentum

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40
Q

What does the ventral mesentery become?

A

The lesser omentum

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41
Q

Most of the cardiovascular system is derived from cells situated in which germ cell layer?

A

Mesoderm

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42
Q

Through which two processes does the circulatory system develop?

A

Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis

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43
Q

On which day of embryogenesis does angiogenesis and vasculogenesis commence?

A

Day 18

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44
Q

Briefly describe foetal circulation

A

Maternal circulation - umbilical vein (oxygenated blood) - ductus venosus - IVC - RA - LA/RV - aorta - umbilical artery (deoxygenated blood) - maternal circulation.

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45
Q

What does the first heart field produce?

A

The left ventricle.

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46
Q

What does the second heart field produce?

A

The right ventricle, atria and outflow tracts.

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47
Q

What are the 3 stages of heart formation?

A
  1. Formation of primitive heart tube
  2. Cardiac looping
  3. Cardiac septation
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48
Q

Briefly describe the formation of the primitive heart tube

A

Day 19 = two endocardial tubes form which will fuse to form a single primitive heart tube
Day 22 = the heart is a single tube and it begins to beat

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49
Q

Describe what happens in cardiac looping.

A

Day 23 = heart tube begins to fold
Nodes secrete nodal, this circulates to the left due to ciliary movement. Nodal causes a cascade of transcription factors that transduce looping.
Day 28 = complete

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50
Q

What does the bulbus cordis form?

A

Right ventricle

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51
Q

What does the primitive ventricle form?

A

Left ventricle

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52
Q

What does the primitive atrium form?

A

Left atrium and anterior part of right atrium

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53
Q

What does the sinus venosus form?

A

Posterior part of the right atrium, coronary sinus and vena cava

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54
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus form?

A

Pulmonary trunk and aorta

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55
Q

What do the 1st and 2nd aortic arches form?

A

Minor vessels of the head and neck

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56
Q

What does the 3rd aortic arch form?

A

Common carotid arteries

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57
Q

What does the left and right 4th aortic arch form?

A 
Left = Aortic arch
Right = part of right subclavian artery
58
Q

What does the left and right 5th aortic arch form?

A

There are no 5th arches!!!!!!

59
Q

What does the left and right 6th aortic arch form?

A

Left: left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus
Right: right pulmonary artery

60
Q

What does the 7th segmental aortic arch form?

A

L & R subclavian arteries

61
Q

What does the left and right dorsal aortae form?

A

Left: descending thoracic aorta
Right: part of right subclavian artery

62
Q

During embryonic life, what structure is responsible for the excretion of waste products?

A

The placenta

63
Q

Give four functions of the placenta

A
  1. Gas exchange - carries oxygenated blood to the foetus
  2. Provides nutrition to growing foetus
  3. Endocrine and immune support
  4. Waste disposal
64
Q

What is the structure of the umbilical cord?

A

2 umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein

65
Q

What is the difference between the maternal and the foetal surfaces of the placenta?

A

Maternal - cobblestone appearance, villous tree structures = umbilical support
Foetal - smooth surface due to amniotic fluid

66
Q

Describe oogenesis

A
  • Oogonia undergo mitotic division in utero
  • The oogonia develop into primary oocytes and begin mitotic division by replicating DNA
  • They do not complete meiosis 1 in the foetus = mitotic arrest
  • At puberty, there is renewed activity in the ovaries and oocytes destined for ovulation complete meiosis 1
  • Meiosis 2 occurs if the secondary oocyte is fertilised, this will produce one ovum
67
Q

What is a block to polyspermy?

A

A sperm has fertilised the egg the egg needs to prevent further sperm from fertilising it. It releases cortical granules that harden the zona pellucida and block sperm binding sites

68
Q

What are the main stages of pre-implantation?

A 
Syngamy - day 1
Cleavage - day 2-3
Compaction - day 4
Cavitation and expansion - day 5 
Hatching - day 6-8 
Implantation
69
Q

Under what influence does male development take place?

A

Y chromosome = encodes SRY gene
Promotes testis determining factor
Genital ridge develops into testes
Leydig cells secrete testosterone
Mesonephric duct development
Sertoli cells secrete mullerian-inhibiting factor
Degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts

70
Q

In the embryo, where do primordial germ cells originate?

A

The epiblast

71
Q

At what week are the primitive male and female gonads identical?

A

Week 6

72
Q

Where in the embryo do stem cells come from?

A

The inner cell mass

73
Q

From what part of the tri-laminar disc are the bladder and urethra formed?

A

The endoderm

74
Q

When in the menstrual cycle does implantation occur?

A

21st day

75
Q

What are the six stages of implantation

A 
APPOSITION 
ATTACHEMENT
DIFFERENTIATION OF TROPHOBLAST 
INVASION 
DECIDUAL REACTION 
MATERNAL RECOGNITION
76
Q

How many days after fertilisation does the apposition stage of implantation take place?

A

9 days after

77
Q

When does the embryo reach the uterus?

A

Day 5/6

78
Q

From which layer of the tri-laminar disc is the primitive gut tube derived from?

A

Endoderm and visceral mesoderm

79
Q

When does the hepatic diverticulum form?

A

3rd week

80
Q

What has developed from the hepatic diverticulum by the 5th week?

A

Bile duct, liver, cystic diverticulum, dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts.

81
Q

When does bile secretion begin?

A

12th week

82
Q

Where does the liver develop and what does it divide the site into?

A

In the ventral mesentery and divides into the lesser omentum and falciform ligament

83
Q

Where does the pancreas develop?

A

In the dorsal and ventral mesentery

84
Q

What does the ventral bud go on to form?

A

Uncinate process and head of pancreas

85
Q

What does the dorsal bud form?

A

Neck, body and tail

86
Q

When do the islets of Langerhans develop?

A

3rd month

87
Q

When does insulin secretion begin?

A

5th month

88
Q

What is trapped when the ventral bud rotates behind the duodenum and fuses with the dorsal bud?

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

89
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

Precursors of gametes which are diploid cells. Originate in the epiblast (2nd week) move through to the primitive streak to the wall of the yolk sac (4th week). Finally migrate towards the gonads where they differentiate into mother cells (spermatogonia and oogonia)

90
Q

What is cleavage? Where does it occur?

A

One of the early growth phases defined as a series of mitotic divisions of the zygote. Occurs in the uterine tube.

91
Q

What is a morula?

A

A 16 cell blastomere - formed three days after fertilisation

92
Q

When does the zona pellucida degenerate to allow the implantation of the embryo?

A

Day 5

93
Q

What are blastomeres without a zona pellucida called?

A

Blastocyst

94
Q

What is a blastula? How many layers does it consist of?

A

A blastomere that has reached 128 cells

  1. Embryoblast - gives origin to the developing of the embryo
  2. Trophoblast - gives origin to the foetal membranes (placenta, yolk sac and amnion)
  3. Blastocele
95
Q

What does the bilaminar germ disc differentiate into in the second week of development?

A
  1. Dorsal epiblast - layer of columnar cells

2. Ventral hypoblast - layer of cuboidal cells

96
Q

What does the trophoblast become in the second week of development?

A
  1. Outer syncytiotrophoblast

2. Inner cytotrophoblast

97
Q

What two cavities form in the second week of development?

A
  1. Amniotic cavity (dorsal)

2. Yolk sac (ventral)

98
Q

What process is completed at the end of the second week of development?

A

Implantation

99
Q

What is implantation?

A

Attachment of the blastocyst to the functional layer of the endometrium at the upper part of the body of the uterus.

100
Q

If implantation occurs anywhere else other than the body of the uterus, what is it called?

A

Placenta previa

101
Q

At the end of implantation, what is the endometrium of the uterus called?

A

Decidua

102
Q

When does the embryonic period begin?

A

At the 3rd week of development

103
Q

What is the 3rd week of development known as?

A

The weak of gastrulation = establishment of the trilaminar disc

104
Q

What leads to the appearance of the primitive streak?

A

Proliferation of the epiblast (ectoderm)

105
Q

What does the hypoblast give rise to?

A

Endoderm

106
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to?

A

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

107
Q

Where do the hypoblast and epiblast fuse?

A

Fuse caudally at the cloacal membrane (future anus)

108
Q

The solid cord of cells extending from the primitive node to the precordal plate is known as…..

A

The notochord

109
Q

What is neuralation?

A

The process of formation of the embryonic nervous system.

110
Q

Which layer thickens in the mid-line in the 3rd week to form the neural plate?

A

Ectoderm

111
Q

The ectoderm undergoes mitosis to form a midline groove, what is this known as?

A

The neural groove

112
Q

What do neural crest cells develop into?

A 
Sensory (dorsal root) ganglia
Bony skull
Meninges
Dermis 
Adrenal medulla 
Schwann cells 
CN 10, 9, 7, 5
113
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A 
Epidermis of the skin
Epithelial lining of mouth and rectum 
Cornea and lens of eye 
Nervous system
Adrenal medulla 
Hair cells
Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands 
Tooth enamel
114
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

Notochord
Skeletal, muscular excretory, circulatory, reproductive and lymphatic systems
Dermis of skin
Adrenal cortex

115
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

Epithelial lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system
Lining of the urethra, urinary bladder and reproductive system
Liver, pancreas, thymus
Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland

116
Q

When should the neural tube fuse?

A

By the end of the 4th week

117
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system are derived from the endoderm?

A

Epithelial lining of trachea, larynx, bronchi and alveoli

118
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system are derived from the mesoderm?

A

Cartilages, muscle, connective tissue and visceral pleura

119
Q

Respiratory embryology: what occurs in the 4th week?

A

Formation of lung buds (initially appear as respiratory diverticulum)

120
Q

Respiratory embryology: what occurs in the 5th week?

A

Development of L & R bronchi

121
Q

Respiratory embryology: what occurs in the 16th week?

A

Terminal bronchioles give way to terminal sacs

122
Q

Respiratory embryology: what occurs in the 24th week?

A

Alveolar sac formation, type 1&2 pneumocytes

123
Q

When is surfactant first produced?

A

34th week - production rapidly increases 2 weeks before brith

124
Q

When does the pseudoglandular phase of respiratory development occur? What happens in this phase?

A

5-16 weeks: branching to form terminal bronchioles

125
Q

When does the canicular phase of respiratory development occur? What happens in this phase?

A

16-26 weeks: each terminal bronchiole divides into 2 respiratory bronchioles

126
Q

When does the terminal sac phase of respiratory development occur? What happens in this phase?

A

26 weeks: terminal sacs (primitive alveoli form)

127
Q

When does the alveolar phase of respiratory development occur? What happens in this phase?

A

8 months - childhood: alveoli mature, more respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

128
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

129
Q

What does the Rhombencephalon divide into?

A

Metencephalon

Mylencephalon

130
Q

What structures in the adult brain are formed from the Telencephalon?

A

The cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles

131
Q

What structures in the adult brain are formed from the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and third ventricle

132
Q

What structures in the adult brain are formed from the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain, colliculi and cerebral aqueduct

133
Q

What structures in the adult brain are formed from the metencephalon?

A

Pons, cerebellum and upper part of fourth ventricle

134
Q

What structures in the adult brain are formed from the mylencephalon?

A

Medulla oblongata and lower part of fourth ventricle

135
Q

At what week of development do the 3 primary vesicles become 5 secondary brain vesicles?

A

7th week

136
Q

What vitamins are needed for the fusion of the neural tube?

A

Folic acid (B9) and B12

137
Q

What type of sensation is present at 19 weeks?

A

C fibre connection = noxious/painful stimuli

138
Q

What type of sensation is present in an embryo of 24 weeks?

A

Connections from thalamus to the cortex

139
Q

When does the dorsal root ganglion connect to the spinal cord? Does it result in nociceptive pain?

A

From 8 weeks, does not result in nociceptive pain.

140
Q

Embryologically, what is the ventricular system derived from?

A

The lumen of the neural tube

Phase 1 Medicine - extra cards (5 decks)

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