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Cardiopulmonary Midterm > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

From what does the intraembryonic coelom develop?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

The intraembryonic coelom splits the mesoderm into what 2 portions?

A

Somatic (parietal) mesoderm - lines body wall

Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm - lines gut tube

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3
Q

What 2 locations have endoderm and ectoderm directly connected?

A

Stomodeum (primordial mouth) & cloacal membrane (primordial anus)

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4
Q

What is pulled anteriorly during embryonic head folding?

A

septum transversum, primordial heart, pericardial coelom, and oropharyngeal membrane

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5
Q

What is pulled anteriorly during embryonic tail folding?

A

allantois, connecting stalk, cloacal membrane, and primitive streak

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6
Q

What occurs to the dorsal and ventral mesenteries?

A

Dorsal remains surrounding ABD organs; Ventral disappears

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7
Q

What is the outcome of lateral body folding?

A

a uniform body wall is created anteriorly except at the connecting stalk (umbilical cord)

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8
Q

What 3 body cavities does the intraembryonic coelom divide into?

A

pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
peritoneal cavity

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9
Q

What do the pleuropericardial folds separate?

A

Separate pleural cavities and pericardial cavity (separates heart from lungs and lungs from each other)

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10
Q

What do the pleruoperitoneal folds separate?

A

separate pleural cavities from peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

How is the pleuropericardial membrane formed and what does it create?

A

formed by enlarging pleuropericardial folds squeezing together in the midline; leads to formation of primitive mediastinum and fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

Explain how the pleuroperitoneal membrane grows and closes?

A

attach to the posterior body wall and grow forward; right fold slightly smaller due to liver growth; myoblasts (precursor to muscle) complete closure process

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13
Q

What makes up the diaphragm?

A 
septum transversum - central tendon
pleuroperitoneal membrane - primordial diaphragm
Dorsal mesentery
Myoblasts (crura - 2 arms of diaphragm)
Phrenic N.
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14
Q

What will form from the laryngotracheal groove?

A

primordial of the tracheobronchial tree and laryngotracheal diverticulum (lung bud)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the tracheoesophageal folds?

A

to create the tracheoesophageal septum that will divide the laryngotracheal tube (trachea) and the esophagus

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16
Q

What parts of the respiratory system stem from splanchnic mesoderm and NCC?

A

larynx cartilage is NCC and the rest of the respiratory system is splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

Define recanalization

A

laryngotracheal groove is converted into a T shaped inlet by arytenoid swellings and then covered by layngeal epithelium; 10th week - the epithelium is removed and subsequent structures develop (recanalization)

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18
Q

Why is the larynx in a high position in newborns?

A

epiglottis is in contact w/ soft palate -> allows infants to nurse without milk going into oropharynx or trachea; will descend over 2 years

19
Q

When do lung buds develop and in what direction to they grow?

A

develop in the 4th week off of the distal end of the laryngotracheal diverticulum; grow ventrocaudally (forward and downward)

20
Q

What are bronchopulmonary segments?

A

segmental bronchi + mesenchyme (develop in 7th week)

21
Q

Pseudoglandular Stage

A

1st stage of lung maturation (5-17 weeks) - majority elements form except gas exchange

22
Q

Canalicular Stage

A

2nd stage of lung maturation (16-25 weeks) - vascularization, respiratory bronchioles and primitive alveoli

23
Q

Terminal Sac Stage

A

3rd stage of lung maturation (24 weeks to birth) - alveoli form; pneumocytes form; gas exchange can occur

24
Q

Alveolar Stage

A

4th stage of lung maturation (32 weeks to 8 years) - primitive alveoli (development completed by 3 years); mature alveoli (majority grow postnatally to handle growing body)

25
Q

Explain extra embryonic vasculogenesis

A

day 17; mesoderm differentiates into hemangioblasts that group to form blood islands; create either hematopoietic stem cells or endothelial precursor cells

26
Q

Explain intraembryonic vasculogenesis

A

day 18; direct formation of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) from endoderm; EPCs divide into cysts and combine to make vasculogenic cord

27
Q

What is the difference between angiogenesis and intussusception?

A

angiogenesis is outgrowth of existing blood vessels formed during vasculogenesis; intussusception is the division of blood vessels after angiogenesis

28
Q

What is definitive hematopoiesis?

A

hematopoietic stem cells are programmed in the liver to generate both myeloid and lymphoid lineages; come from endothelial cells found in aortic-gonadal-mesoneprhic AGM region

29
Q

What forms the majority of the heart?

A

angiogenic clusters (EPCs) that form in the splanchnic mesoderm

30
Q

How is the transverse pericardial sinus formed? What does the rest of the tissue do?

A

created by rupture in the dorsal mesocardium (holding onto heart tube); caudal end of dorsal mesocardium forms a proepicardial organ that will migrate and cover entire heart (source of epicardium)

31
Q

What is the flow of the heart tube?

A

inflow of blood at the sinus horns (left and right) into the sinus venosus -> primitive atrium -> primitive ventricle -> constricts to create outflow tract -> conus and trunks regions -> aortic sac

32
Q

What veins are on either side of the sinus horns?

A

anterior cardinal V.
posterior cardinal V.
umbilical V.
Vitelline V.

33
Q

What happens to the sinus horns overtime?

A

Differential expansion occurs on the left side which moves larger veins to the right; left sinus horn will disappear except for part that becomes coronary sinus

34
Q

What will occur w/ right vitelline V.?

A

it becomes a portion of the inferior vena cava

35
Q

What will happen to the sinus venosus?

A

it will be incorporated into the RA wall (sinus venarum)

36
Q

Explain how septum form within the heart

A

as chambers expand, they leave behind a portion of wall (muscular septum); cushion cells fill in the rest of the septum (fibrous membrane of septum)

37
Q

What does atrioventricular cushion tissue do?

A

fills in gap between atria and ventricles; also plays a part in creation of bicuspid and tricuspid valves

38
Q

Describe atrial separation

A

septum primum (thin muscular septum) develops w/ foramen primum -> apoptosis creates foramen secundum high up -> septum secundum develops (much thicker) and has a hole at the bottom (foramen ovale) -> blood flows through RA, foramen ovale, and foramen secundum into left atrium (can’t flow backwards)

39
Q

Name the 2 shortcuts through the heart

A

Foramen ovale - blood passes between RA to LA

Ductus arteriosus - blood passes from pulmonary A to aorta (bypasses lungs)

40
Q

What does the conotrunchal septum do?

A

divides the conus region into pulmonary trunk and aorta and then spirals down between 2 ventricles (creates pulmonary and systemic circulation)

41
Q

What do the veins of the sinus horn drain?

A

anterior cardinal V - anterior body
posterior cardinal V - posterior body
umbilical V. - umbilical cord
vitelline V - yolk sac

42
Q

What happens to the vitelline and umbilical veins in the liver?

A

vitelline veins swallowed up by liver buds and become hepatic sinusoids; right umbilical V. disappears and left hepatocardiac channel (left vitelline v) disappears; right hepatocardiac channel (future IVC); distal left umbilical V. remains and sends all umbilical blood through liver

43
Q

What happens to the left umbilical V. and ductus venosus after birth?

A

left umbilical V. = ligamentum trees hepatisus

ductus venosus = ligamentum venosum

44
Q

What does the anastomosis between anterior cardinal veins become?

A

left brachiocephalic V.

Cardiopulmonary Midterm (3 decks)

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