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Step 1 Reproduction-First Aid 2017 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Gene that organizes anteroposterior axis

A

Sonic hedgehog gene

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2
Q

Mutation in this gene can cause holoprosencephaly

A

Sonic hedgehog gene

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3
Q

Where is sonic hedgehog gene produced?

A

Base of limbs

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4
Q

Gene that organizes dorsal-ventral axis

A

WNT-7 gene

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5
Q

Thickened ectoderm at distal end of each developing limb

A

Dermal ectodermal ridge

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6
Q

Gene that causes mitosis of mesoderm and lengthens limbs

A

FGF gene

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7
Q

Where is the FGF gene produced?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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8
Q

Where is the WNT-7 gene produced?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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9
Q

Mutation in this gene causes limbs to be in wrong places

A

HOX gene

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10
Q

Gene that organizes segmental organization in a craniocaudal direction

A

HOX gene

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11
Q

During which week of development does hCG secretion begin?

A

week 1

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12
Q

During which week of development does the blastocyst implant?

A

week 1

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13
Q

During which week of development does the bilaminar disk form?

A

week 2

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14
Q

What tissues make up the bilaminar disk?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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15
Q

Where does the notochord arise from?

A

Midline mesoderm

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16
Q

What becomes the neural plate?

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

The epiblast invaginates to form what?

A

Primitive streak

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18
Q

During which week of development do endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm form?

A

Week 3

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19
Q

During which week of development does neural tube form?

A

Week 3

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20
Q

By which week of development does the neural tube close?

A

week 4

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21
Q

During which weeks does organogenesis occur?

A

Weeks 3-8

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22
Q

The embryonic period occurs within which weeks?

A

Weeks 3-8

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23
Q

Which period of embryo development is most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Embryonic period (weeks 3-8)

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24
Q

During which week of development does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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25
Q

During which week of development do limbs begin to appear

A

week 4

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26
Q

During which week of development is fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound?

A

week 6

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27
Q

During which week of development do fetal movements start?

A

week 8

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28
Q

During which week of development do genitalia develop male and female characteristics?

A

week 10

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29
Q

Benign Rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals and calcifications

A

Craniopharyngioma

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30
Q

Adenohypophysis is derived from what tissue?

A

Rathke pouch (surface ectoderm)

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31
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to lens of the eye

A

surface ectoderm

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32
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to epithelial linings of oral cavity

A

surface ectoderm

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33
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to sensory organs of ear and olfactory epithelium

A

surface ectoderm

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34
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to anal canal below the pectinate line

A

surface ectoderm

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35
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to parotid, sweat and mammary glands

A

surface ectoderm

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36
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to CNS structures and cells

A

Neural tube (Neuroectoderm)

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37
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to PNS structures and cells

A

Neural crest (ectoderm)

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38
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to melanocytes

A

Neural crest (ectoderm)

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39
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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40
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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41
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to pia and arachnoid

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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42
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to bones of the skull

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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43
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to aorticopulmonary septum

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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44
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to endocardial cushions

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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45
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

A

neural crest (ectoderm)

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46
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to muscle, bone and connective tissue

A

mesoderm

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47
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to serous linings of body cavities

A

mesoderm

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48
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to the spleen

A

mesoderm

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49
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to cardiovascular structures

A

mesoderm

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50
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to lymphatics and blood

A

mesoderm

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51
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to wall of gut tube

A

mesoderm

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52
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to upper vagina, testes and ovaries

A

mesoderm

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53
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to kidneys and adrenal cortex

A

mesoderm

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54
Q

What induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm

A

Notochord

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55
Q

What is the postnatal derivative of the notochord

A

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk

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56
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to gut tube epithelium including anal canal above the pectinate line

A

endoderm

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57
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to most of urethra and lower vagina

A

endoderm

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58
Q

The urogenital sinus gives rise to what part of the vagina?

A

lower vagina

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59
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

endoderm

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60
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to thymus, parathyroid, and thyroid follicular cells

A

endoderm

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61
Q

Embryonic tissue that gives rise to the Eustachian tube

A

endoderm

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62
Q

Absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

A

agenesis

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63
Q

Absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue

A

aplasia

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64
Q

Incomplete organ development; primordial tissue present

A

hypoplasia

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65
Q

2ndry breakdown of previously normal tissue or structure

A

disruption

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66
Q

extrinsic disruption after embryonic period

A

deformation

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67
Q

intrinsic reaction during embryonic period

A

malformation

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68
Q

abnormalities resulting from a single primary embryological event (oligohydramnios)

A

Sequence (Potter sequence from oligohydramnios)

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69
Q

Teratogen that causes renal damage

A

ACE inhibitors

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70
Q

Teratogen that causes absence of digits and multiple anomalies

A

Alkylating agents

71
Q

Teratogen that causes ototoxicity

A

Aminoglycosides

72
Q

Teratogen that causes neural tube defects, cardiac defects, cleft palate and skeletal abnormalities

A

Antiepileptic drugs

73
Q

Most common antiepileptic drugs that cause neural tube and cardiac defects, cleft palate and skeletal abnormalities

A

Valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital

74
Q

Teratogen that causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma and congenital Mullerian anomalies

A

Diethylstilbestrol

75
Q

Folate antagonists that cause neural tube defects

A

Trimethoprim, methotrexate, antiepileptic drugs

76
Q

Teratogen that causes multiple birth defects and requires mandatory contraception

A

Isotretinoin

77
Q

Teratogen that causes Ebstein anomaly

A

Lithium

78
Q

Teratogen that causes aplasia cutis congenita

A

Methimazole

79
Q

Teratogen that causes discolored teeth and inhibited bone growth

A

Tetracycline

80
Q

Teratogen that causes limb defects

A

Thalidomide

81
Q

Teratogen that causes bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion, and eye abnormalities

A

Warfarin

82
Q

Teratogen that causes intellectual disability and other birth defects

A

Alcohol

83
Q

Teratogen that causes low birth weight, preterm birth, IUGR, placental abruption

A

cocaine

84
Q

Teratogen that causes low birth weight, preterm labor, placental problems, IUGR, SIDS in developing countries

A

Smoking, nicotine or CO

85
Q

What is the effect of cocaine on blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

86
Q

What is the effect of nicotine on blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

87
Q

Lack of this nutrient will lead to congenital goiter or hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

Iodine

88
Q

Condition in mother that can cause caudal regression syndrome, congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, micromsa, and neonatal hypoglycemia

A

Maternal diabetes

89
Q

Can cause neurotoxicity and found in highest concentrations in swordfish, shark, tilefish, and king mackerel

A

Mercury

90
Q

High amounts of this vitamin increases risk of spontaneous abortion and birth defects

A

vitamin A

91
Q

Anal atresia and sirenomalia can be caused by what maternal condition?

A

Maternal diabetes

92
Q

Needs to be minimized by lead shielding to avoid microcephaly and intellectual ability in developing fetus

A

X-rays

93
Q

What is the leading cause of intellectual disability in the U.S?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

94
Q

Child presenting with intellectual disability and has smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border and small palpebral fissures is also at risk for what other complications?

A

Heart and limb defects and holoprosencephaly

95
Q

Holoprosencephaly is caused by what?

A

Trisomy 13 or alcohol

96
Q

What type of twins are fraternal twins?

A

Dizygotic

97
Q

What number of chorions and amnions will be present if twinning occurs during 0-4 days?

A

dichorionic and diamniotic

98
Q

What number of chorions and amnions will be present if twinning occurs during 4-8 days?

A

monochorionic and diamniotic

99
Q

What number of chorions and amnions will be present if twinning occurs during 8-12 days?

A

one chorion and amnion

100
Q

What number of chorions and amnions will be present if twinning occurs > 13 days?

A

one chorion and amnion - maybe conjoined

101
Q

What is the cell stage if twinning occurs in 0-4 days?

A

2 cell stage

102
Q

What is the cell stage if twinning occurs in 4-8 days?

A

Morula

103
Q

What is the cell stage if twinning occurs in 8-12 days?

A

Blastocyst

104
Q

What is the cell stage if twinning occurs in > 13 days?

A

Formed embryonic disc

105
Q

Which layer of the chorionic villi makes ?

A

cytotrophoblast

106
Q

which layer of the chorionic villi synthesizes hormones

A

syncytiotrophoblast

107
Q

Which layer of the chorionic villi is the inner layer ?

A

cytotrophoblast

108
Q

Which layer of the chorionic villi is the outer layer

A

syncytiotrophoblast

109
Q

Hormone that is structurally similar to LH and stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone during first trimester

A

hCG

110
Q

Vessels that return deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

A

Umbilical arteries

111
Q

Supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus

A

Umbilical vein

112
Q

The umbilical arteries return blood from fetus via what main arteries?

A

Internal iliac arteries

113
Q

What blood vessel does the umbilical vein drain into?

A

IVC via ductus venosus

114
Q

What structures are found in the umbilical cord?

A

2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein
Allantoic duct
Wharton jelly

115
Q

During which week of development is the allantois formed?

A

week 3

116
Q

To where does the allantois extend?

A

urogenital sinus

117
Q

What does the allantois become?

A

Urachus

118
Q

Where is the urachus located?

A

between the fetal bladder and umbilicus

119
Q

What causes urine to discharge from the umbilicus

A

Patent urachus - failed to obliterate

120
Q

What is a fluid-filled cavity lined with epithelium between the umbilicus and bladder?

A

Urachal cyst

121
Q

What is the cause of a urachal cyst?

A

Partial failure of urachus to obliterate

122
Q

What is a complication of an urachal cyst?

A

Infection or adenocarcinoma

123
Q

What is an outpouching of the bladder called?

A

Vesicourachal diverticulum

124
Q

What causes a Vesicourachal diverticulum?

A

Slight failure of urachus to obliterate

125
Q

During which week of development does the vitelline duct obliterate?

A

week 7

126
Q

What does the vitelline duct do?

A

Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen

127
Q

What usually causes meconium discharge from umbilicus?

A

Vitelline fistula - fails to close

128
Q

Usually presents with melena, hematochezia, and abdominal pain and is attached to ileum

A

Meckel diverticulum (a true diverticulum)

129
Q

What causes Meckel diverticulum?

A

Partial closure of vitelline duct

130
Q

Aortic arch that gives rise to part of maxillary artery

A

1st

131
Q

Aortic arch that gives rise to stapedial and hyoid arteries

A

2nd

132
Q

Aortic arch that gives rise to common carotid and proximal part of the internal carotid artery

A

3rd

133
Q

Aortic arch that gives rise to aortic arch and proximal part of right subclavian artery

A

4th

134
Q

Aortic arch that gives rise to proximal part of pulmonary artery on the left and ductus arteriosus

A

6th

135
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around which vessel?

A

Right subclavian artery

136
Q

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around which vessel?

A

Aortic arch distal to ductus arteriosus

137
Q

Branchial clefts are derived from which embryological tissue?

A

ectoderm

138
Q

Branchial arches are derived from which embryological tissue?

A

mesoderm

139
Q

Branchial pouches are derived from which embryological tissue?

A

endoderm

140
Q

Mnemonic to remember branchial apparatus

A

CAP covers outside to inside:
C = ectoderm (C=clefts)
A = mesoderm (A=arches)
P = endoderm (P=pouches)

141
Q

What does the first branchial cleft develop into?

A

external Auditory meatus (A is 1st letter of alphabet)

142
Q

Cyst within lateral neck located anterior to SCM muscle and is immobile during swallowing?

A

Persistent cervical sinus

143
Q

What causes a persistent cervical sinus?

A

Failure of 2nd - 4th branchial clefts to obliterate

144
Q

branchial arch that gives rise to CN V2 and V3

A

1st

145
Q

branchial arch that gives rise to maxillary process, mandibular process, malleus and incus, and sphenomandibular ligament

A

1st

146
Q

Maxilla and zygoMatic bone are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

147
Q

Meckel cartilage and Mandible are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

148
Q

Malleus and incus are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

149
Q

sphenoMandibular ligament is derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

150
Q

Muscles of Mastication are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

151
Q

temporalis Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

152
Q

Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, and anterior 2/3 of tongue are derived from which brachial arch?

A

1st

153
Q

Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament are derived from which brachial arch?

A

2nd

154
Q

Muscles of facial expression are derived from which brachial arch?

A

2nd

155
Q

CN VII is derived from which brachial arch?

A

2nd

156
Q

Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma, and posterior belly of the digastric are derived from which brachial arch?

A

2nd

157
Q

Someone with a small jaw, displaced tongue, cleft palate, and airway obstruction has what sequence?

A

Pierre Robin sequence

158
Q

Someone with a small jaw, displaced tongue, cleft palate, and airway obstruction has a defect in which brachial arch?

A

1st

159
Q

Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins syndrome can be caused by defects in which brachial arch?

A

1st

160
Q

Someone with neural crest dysfunction causing mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities has what syndrome?

A

Treacher Collins syndrome

161
Q

Someone with neural crest dysfunction causing mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities has a defect in which brachial arch?

A

1st/2nd

162
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to Greater horn of hyoid

A

3rd

163
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

A

3rd (3x3=9)

164
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to stylopharyngeus

A

3rd

165
Q

Nerve that innervates stylopharyngeus

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

166
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to Arytenoids, Cricoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform, Thyroid cartilage (ACCCT)

A

4th and 6th

167
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid and levator veli palatini

A

4th

168
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

A

6th

169
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to superior laryngeal branch of CN X

A

4th

170
Q

Branchial arch that gives rise to recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

A

6th

171
Q

Function of superior laryngeal branch of CN X

A

Swallow

172
Q

Function of recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X

A

Speaking

173
Q

What branchial arches contribute to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

3rd and 4th

Step 1 Reproduction-First Aid 2017 (1 decks)

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