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Year Two Revision Super-Deck > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures comprise the alimentary canal?

A

Mouth to anus, the whole gut tube including all associated glands and organs

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2
Q

At what week of development does the gut tube form?

A

Forth week

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3
Q

What membranes encore the primordial gut at both its cranial and caudal end?

A

Cranial - Oropharyngeal membrane

Caudal - Cloacal membrane

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4
Q

What is the process of gastrulation?

A

Formation of the trilaminar disc (echo, meso and endoderm)

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5
Q

What three regions is the primordial gut tube divided into?

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

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6
Q

What does the endoderm of the primordial gut form?

A

Most of the gut including the epithelium and glandular tissue

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7
Q

Epithelium from the cranial and caudal end of the gut are derived from what two gut structures? Give specific names.

A

Ectoderm (stomodeum) and anal pit (proctoderm)

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8
Q

What forms the embryonic cavity at the forth week of development?

A

Intraembryonic coelom

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9
Q

The embryonic body cavity divides into what three well defined structures?

A

Peritoneal and pericardial cavities plus two pericardia-peritoneal canals

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10
Q

What are the structures derived from the foregut?

Remember pneumonic: PLODL

A 
P - primordial larynx 
L - lower res. tract 
O - oesophagus and stomach 
D - duodenum
L - liver and biliary apparatus (including the pancreas)
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11
Q

What are the structures derived from the foregut?

A 
P - primordial larynx 
L - lower res. tract 
O - oesophagus and stomach 
D - duodenum
L - liver and biliary apparatus (including the pancreas)
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12
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Space in the throat which is shared by both the digestive and respiratory systems

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13
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

Proximal tubing of intestines, distal to the stomach, site of secretion of biliary apparatus

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14
Q

What is oesophageal atresia?

A

Congenital non-separation/blockage/extensive narrowing of oesophagus

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15
Q

What is abnormal deviation of the tracheo-oesophageal septum called?

A

Oesophageal fistula

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16
Q

What is polyhydraminos?

A

Too much amniotic fluid around the foetus; usually due to atresia preventing adequate drainage

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17
Q

Outline the main events of stomach development

A
  1. Rotation of stomach 90 degrees clockwise

2. Mesenteries of stomach and omental bursa develop

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18
Q

What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Overgrowth of the pyloric sphincter (opening from stomach into the duodenum)

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19
Q

Outline the development of the liver and biliary apparatus

A

Hepatic diverticulum septates

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20
Q

List possible anomalies of the hepatic system arising from the embryo

A

Accessory ducts (occurs in 5% of the population) and extrahepatic biliary atresia (obliteration of the bile ducts)

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21
Q

What occurs if the ventral bud of the primordial stomach fails to migrate around the duodenum correctly? What pathology can this cause?

A

Annular pancreas

Duodenal stenosis

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22
Q

Describe the accessory pancreatic tissue

A

Pancreatic tissues may form in other areas of the foregut

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23
Q

Explain the origins and development of the spleen

A

End of the 4th week of gestation - mesenchymal condensation develops forming the dorsal mesogastrium

During the 5th week of gestation the mesenchyme differentiates into spleen tissue

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24
Q

What laminar disc does the spleen arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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25
Outline the main events of the midgut loop
1. Herniation (physiological umbilical herniation) 2. Rotation of midgut 90 degrees anticlockwise in the umbilical cord 3. Retraction of intestinal loops 180 degrees further 4. Fixation of intestines in place
26
In what percentage of people does the small vitelline duct persist?
2-4%
27
What does a persistent vitelline duct form?
Merkel Diverticulum
28
What complications can arise from a persistent vitelline duct?
Fistula or cyst
29
What is omphalocele?
Herniation of the abdominal viscera through an enlarged umbilical ring
30
What viscera may an omphacele include?
Herniation of the liver, stomach and intestinal loops
31
What covers the viscera of an omphacele?
Amnion
32
What is an amnion?
A membrane which closely covers the embryo
33
What is herniation of abdominal contents directly through the body wall and into the amniotic cavity called?
Gastroschisis
34
What is a suggested cause for a rising prevalence of gastroscisis in young women?
Cocaine use
35
What is the prevalence of gastroschisis NOT associated with?
Chromosomal defects
36
What structures comprise the hindgut? Remember pneumonic: DURSD
``` D - distal third of transverse colon U - upper part of anal canal R - rectum S - sigmoid colon D -descending colon ```
37
What does the endoderm of the hindgut also form which is not part of the gut tube?
The lining of the bladder and urethra
38
What is the cloaca?
The expanded terminal part of the hindgut and endoderm lined chamber - primordial rectum
39
What is allantois?
The ventral diverticular of the cloaca
40
What is the function of the cloacal membrane?
Separates the cloaca and the anal pit
41
Describe the partitioning of the cloaca
1. Week 7 - the cloacal membrane ruptures; opening the hindgut 2. Ectoderm proliferates at the anal canal and closes the caudal end 3. Anal canal re-opens at week 9
42
List some embrological hindgut abnormalities?
Urorectal fistula Rectovaginal fistula Rectoanal atresia Imperforate anus
43
What are pharyngeal/bran arches?
A series or arches which develop around the future mouth (somatodeum) and the pharynx
44
What are the branchial arches for?
1. Support the primitive pharynx | 2. Face and neck develops from them
45
Outline the development of the branchial arches
Six begin to develop around week 4 - no. 5 regresses and so the arches remaining are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
46
What embryological tissue makes up the branchial arches?
1. Ectoderm lies on the outside (forms clefts between the arches) 2. Mesoderm - forms the cartilage and muscles aspects 3. Endoderm - forms the pouches between arches
47
How are each of the branchial arches innervated?
``` 1st - CNV3 2nd - CN VII 3rd - CN IX 4th - Superior laryngeal branch of CN X 6th - Recurrent branch of CN X ```
48
What are the fates of the pharyngeal cartilages?
1st (Meckel's Cartilage) - Mandible, incus and malleus 2nd - Stapes, styloid process, styloid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid 3rd - body and greater horn of hyoid 4th - Thyroid cartilage 6th - cricoid cartilage
49
What other structures are formed from the pharyngeal arches?
Tongue, thyroid, parathyroid and pituitary gland
50
Outline the development of the face
Develops from five processes/prominences: - One frontonasal process - Two maxillary processes - Two mandibular processes
51
Outline the fate of the mandibular processes
Fuses in the midline
52
Outline the fate of the frontonasal process
Divides into the medial and lateral processes Medial develops into the philtrum Lateral develops into the nostrils
53
Outline the three stages of palatine development?
1. Medial nasal process grows down (forming the philtrum) 2. From the maxillary processes, two palatine shelves grow inwards 3. Palatine shelves fuse (forming secondary palate)
54
What abnormalities may arise from the development of the palate?
Cleft palate
55
What officiation process occurs in the development of the cranial vault?
Membranous (no cartilagenous stage)
56
Outline the development of the cranial vault
Mesenchyme drived from mesoderm that lies above the developing brain ossifies
57
What officiation process occurs in the development of the base of the skull?
Endochondral (cartilagenous stage)
58
What is the viscerocranium?
Skeleton of the face
59
Outline the development of the viscerocranium
Partly from branchial arches and partly from sensory capsules (derived from mesoderm of somites)
60
After the formation of the neural fold, what occurs at ay 22 of gestation?
Neural fold forms the neural tube with two holes at either end (neuropores)
61
When does the anterior and posterior neuropore close?
Anterior - approx. 25 days | Posterior - approx. 27 days
62
What group of disorders is caused by failure of the neural tube to close properly?
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)
63
When does the development of brain vesicles begin?
Begin with the closure of the anterior neuropore
64
What are the three primary brain vesicles?
1. Proencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (Midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
65
When do the three primary vesicles of the brain from the five secondary vesicles?
At the 5th week of gestation
66
What are the five secondary vesicles?
1. Telencephalon 2. Diencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metencephalon 5. Myelencephalon
67
In order to fill the cranial space the primordial brain folds to form three flexures ; name them, state when they occur and give their location
1. Cephalic flexure - 3rd week - between mid and hindbrain 2. Cervical flexure - 4th week - between hindbrain and spinal cord 3. Pontine flexure - 5th week - behind metencephalon and myelencephalon
68
What are the derivative structures of the telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres Hippocampus Basal ganglia
69
What are the derivative structures of the diencephalon
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Pineal gland
70
What are the derivative structures of the mesencephalon
Superior and inferior colliculi
71
What are the derivative structures of the rhombencephalon
``` Mesencephalon = cerebellum and pons Mylencephalon = medulla ```
72
What system is formed from the lumen of the neural tube?
Ventricular system
73
When does CSF production begin in the foetus?
5th week
74
Where is CSF produced mainly?
In the choroid plexi of the 3rd and 4th ventricles
75
Where does CSF drain?
Drains into the subarachnoid space in the rood of the 4th ventricle and eventually into the venous system
76
Outline the differentiation of the neural tube; state where they divide
Lays down single layer of pseudostratified neuroepithelium which divide at the ventricular surface
77
What does the neuroepithelium differentiate into ?
All neurones and glia except microglia
78
How are are microglia formed?
From mesenchymal cells which migrate into the CNS
79
How are spinal nerves formed?
Mix of both neural crest cells and neural tube
80
How long does it take for the spinal cord to extend to its fullest length in gestation?
3 months
81
Why does the position of the spinal cord change during growth?
Dura mater and vertebral column grow faster therefore the cord grows to increasingly higher levels (L2 in children to L3 in adults)
82
How are the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia formed?
Neural crest cells

Year Two Revision Super-Deck (5 decks)

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