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LEC.155 Developmental Biology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal Pole

A

end of an egg where the nucleus resides, away from the yolk

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2
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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4
Q

Archenteron

A

cavity formed during gastrulation that forms the gut

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5
Q

Aromatase

A

enzyme responsible for conversion of androgens (e.g. testosterone) to oestrogens (e.g. estradiol)

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6
Q

Blastocoel

A

fluid-filled cavity in a blastula

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7
Q

Blastocyst

A

Mammalian blastula

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8
Q

Blastomere

A

cell created by cleavage divisions

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9
Q

Blastopore

A

– invagination of the surface of an embryo where the mesoderm and endoderm move inside the embryo during gastrulation

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10
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage of the fertilised egg in many animals

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11
Q

Cleavage

A

series of rapid and synchronised cell divisions without growth of the embryo that occurs following fertilisation

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12
Q

Cytoplasmic determinant

A

protein or mRNA that provides developmental information to the embryo

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13
Q

Determinate

A

pattern of growth where there is a clearly-defined end point

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14
Q

Determination

A

change in the internal state of a cell such that its fate becomes fixed

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15
Q

Deuterostomes

A

‘mouth second’. organisms in which the primary invagination of the gut (blastopore) forms the anus, with the mouth forming independently

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16
Q

Dipoblastic

A

organisms that only have 2 germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm)

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17
Q

Differentiation

A

development of cellular specialisation

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18
Q

What are the 4 main stages of development?

A

Pattern formation, morphogenesis, cell differentiation and growth

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19
Q

Discoidal cleavage

A

embryo forms as a cellular disc above the dense yolk

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20
Q

DNA methylation

A

covalent modification of DNA that alters capacity for transcription by compacting histones. Usually associated with gene silencing

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21
Q

Dorsal

A

refers to the back of an animal (or the side opposite the belly)

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outer germ layer, will form epidermis and the central nervous system

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

the inner germ layer, will form the gut and associated organs

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24
Q

Epigenesis

A

theory of embryogenesis that states that embryos develop progressively

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25
Q

Epigenetic

A

mechanisms of gene regulation that involve modification of chromatin without changes in DNA sequence

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26
Q

Epimorphosis

A

mode of regeneration in which new structures are generated by new growth

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27
Q

Equal cleavage

A

pattern of cleavage in which cells produced are equally sized

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28
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

process of production of red blood cells

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29
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

cytokine that stimulates red blood cell production

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30
Q

Gastrula

A

the embryonic stage during gastrulation

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31
Q

Gastrulation

A

process of morphogenesis during which cell movements form the germ layers

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32
Q

Genomic equivalence

A

principle by which nuclei of all cells of an organism contain the same genetic information

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33
Q

Germ layer

A

region of cells that form specific tissues and organs

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34
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

production of new blood cells

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35
Q

Haematopoietic growth factor

A

signal that induces differentiation of blood cell progenitors

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36
Q

Histone modification

A

reversible, covalent modification of histone proteins that regulates their association with DNA

37
Q

Holoblastic

A

when cleavage divisions occur throughout the whole embryo

38
Q

Homeotic gene

A

gene which when mutated results in a homeotic transformation

39
Q

Homeotic transformation

A

phenomenon in which one structure is transformed into another

40
Q

Homeotic selector gene (Hox)

A

– family of genes encoding transcription factors containing a homeodomain, a protein domain that binds to the homeobox sequence in the promoter of target genes

41
Q

Indeterminate

A

continuous or repetitive pattern of growth where there is no clearly-defined end point or fixed number/pattern of structures

42
Q

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

A

cells created by dedifferentiation of fully developed cells by expression of a small number of specific transcription factors

43
Q

Induction

A

process by which signals from one group of cells control the development of other cells

44
Q

Inner cell mass

A

the inner ‘ball’ of cells in the mammalian blastocyst that becomes embryo proper

45
Q

Kairomone

A

type of pheromone that provides a benefit to the receiver, but not the producer

46
Q

Macromere

A

large cell produced by unequal cleavage

47
Q

Master regulatory gene

A

gene, usually a transcription factor, that controls a collection of other genes necessary for the development of a particular cell type, tissue or organ

48
Q

Meroblastic

A

cleavage divisions that are limited to a particular area of the embryo

49
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle germ layer, will form blood, heart, kidneys, gonads, bones, muscles and connective tissues

50
Q

Micromere

A

small cell produced by unequal cleavage

51
Q

Mid-blastula transition (MBT)

A

when the maternal division factors in the egg run out and the cells ‘switch’ to asynchronous division phase controlled by factors produced by the embryo

52
Q

Morphallaxis

A

mode of regeneration that involves reorganising/re-patterning remaining tissues without new growth

53
Q

Morphogen

A

signalling molecule that originates from a specific region of a tissue and spreads away to form a concentration gradient; recipient cell fates depend on concentration

54
Q

Morphogenesis

A

the process of change in form (body shape) in the developing organism

55
Q

Morula

A

solid ball of cells produced by cleavage divisions, before formation of the blastula

56
Q

Mosaic (or autonomous) model of differentiation

A

term used to describe a pattern of development which is controlled mainly by differential partitioning of cytoplasmic determinants

57
Q

Mulitpotent

A

cells that can give rise to many, but not all types of differentiated cell

58
Q

Neural fold

A

folds arising from the neural plate that will eventually meet to form the neural tube

59
Q

Neural plate

A

an area of thickened dorsal ectodermal tissue that gives rise to the vertebrate central nervous system

60
Q

Neurulation

A

the process in vertebrates during which the future brain and spinal cord are formed

61
Q

Notochord

A

a rod-like collection of cells in the dorsal mesoderm that send signals to form the neural tube; disappears before birth

62
Q

Organogenesis

A

the formation of specific organs

63
Q

Pattern formation

A

generation of order in the embryo; process by which cells acquire identity in an organised pattern

64
Q

Cell differentiation

A

process by which cells become structurally and functionally distinct cell types

65
Q

Phenotype

A

the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism

66
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

flexible biological responses (inc. development) that permit optimal performance in different environments

67
Q

Pluripotent

A

stem cells that can give rise to all types of differentiated cell found in an organism

68
Q

Polyphenism

A

a phenotype for which there are a small number of possible outcomes

69
Q

Positional information

A

molecular information, e.g. a signalling molecule, morphogen gradient etc., that can be interpreted by cells to provide the basis for pattern formation

70
Q

Posterior

A

the tail end of an embryo

71
Q

Preformation

A

theory by which all organs are already present in the early embryo

72
Q

Primitive streak

A

line where cells begin movements marking the start of gastrulation in reptiles, birds and mammals

73
Q

Polarity

A

the property of a cell, tissue, organ, etc. wherein one end is different from the other

74
Q

Protostomes

A

organisms in which the primary invagination of the gut (blastopore) forms the mouth

75
Q

Radial cleavage

A

– form of cleavage where divisions are at right angles to the surface of the egg

76
Q

Reaction norm

A

a phenotype for which there is a continuous range of possible outcomes (i.e. min. and max. and any value in between)

77
Q

Regulation

A

the ability of an embryo to develop normally even when parts are removed or rearranged; cells can change fates to compensate for missing parts

78
Q

Somites

A

repeated blocks of mesoderm in embryos of segmented animals that give rise to different tissues, including the vertebral column and ribs in vertebrates

79
Q

Specification

A

first step of commitment in differentiation. When specified, cells are capable of differentiation in isolation according to their normal fate

80
Q

Stem cell

A

undifferentiated cell capable of self-renewal and the production of progenitors of differentiated cells

81
Q

Stem cell niche

A

cells around a population of stem cells that provide the special conditions required to maintain stem cells

82
Q

Teratogen

A

an environmental chemical or other agent that causes abnormal development

83
Q

Totipotent

A

the capacity of a cell to form a whole new organism

84
Q

Tripoblastic

A

organisms with 3 germ layers; animals with bilateral symmetry

85
Q

Trophectoderm

A

the outer layer of cells in the mammalian blastocyst, will become part of the placenta after implantation

86
Q

Unequal cleavage

A

an example could be frog embryo, which divides quicker in the animal hemisphere than in vegetal hemisphere

87
Q

Vegetal pole

A

side of an animal egg where the yolk is located; opposite to the animal pole

88
Q

Ventral

A

refers to the underside, or belly of an animal

89
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilised egg

LEC.155 Developmental Biology (1 decks)

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