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Musculoskeletal Exam 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What do somites differentiate into?

A

Sclerotomes and Dermomomyotomes

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2
Q

What does the sclerotome give rise to?

A

cells that make cartilage and bones of the trunk

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3
Q

What two methods do bones develop by

A

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

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4
Q

What are 3 other sources for bone and what do they form?

A

1) Somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm - forms the sternum and limb bones.
2) Neural crest - forms the bones of the skull
3) Head somitomeres - forms the cranial vault and base of skull

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5
Q

What does dermomomyotomes give rise to?

A

Dermomyotome splits to give rise to the dermatome and the myotome

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6
Q

What do myotomes give rise to?

A

Myoblasts–>myotubules–>muscle fibers

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7
Q

What designates the specific segmental levels for muscle cells?

A

Somites at specific segmented levels. Myotomes will than shift in position (the dorsal [innervated by dorsal rami])
- Ventral portion will give rise to hypaxial muscles innervated by the ventral rami

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8
Q

What is causes torticollis?

A

Many possibilities including a tumor causing compression of the nerve supply

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9
Q

What is the Poland anomaly?

A

It is the lack of formation of the pectoralis muscle and associated with limb deformities.
- Failure of hypaxial muscles to close

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10
Q

What is Prune Belly syndrome?

A

Congenital malformation that causes the hypaxial muscles failure to form.

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11
Q

What does the verebral column form?

What forms the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosis?

A
  • Sclerotomes via intersegmental fusion.
  • Myotomes and nerves remain segmental
  • The notochord regresses to form the nucleus pulpous and the mesochyme forms the nucleus pulposus.
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12
Q

What is spinabifidia occulta?

A

Vertebral arch not closed properly

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13
Q

In congenital scoliosis what type of fusion occurs?

A

Asymmetric fusion of the vertebra occurs so that it appears that half a vertebra is missing.

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of klippel-Feil anomaly (Brevicollis)?

At what junction is there fusion of joints in 1% of the patient pop.?

A
  • short neck becuase of an absence or fusion of cervical vertebra.
  • Craniovertebral junction
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15
Q

What is the embryological tissue makeup of the limb buds?

What is the Time frame differential between appearance of the upper limbs and then of the lower limbs?

A
  • Core of mesenchym surrounded by surface ectoderm.

- Upper limbs on day 26 and lower limbs on day 28.

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16
Q

What does the Mesenchyme contribute to?

- What genes regulate axes and patterning of the limb buds?

A

Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fascia, joints, vessels, and dermis, NOT MUSCLES.
- homeobox genes (Hox genes)

17
Q

What is essential for the proximal distal axis development?

What is its function

A

AER (apical ectodermal ridge)

- AER induces proliferation of underlying mesenchyme, and causes adjacent mesenchyme to remain undifferentiated.

18
Q

WHat is responsible for patterning of the anterior-posterior axis?
What determines the placement of digits?

A

ZPA (zone of polarizing activity)

ZPA

19
Q

How does ZPA function?

A
  • ZPA secretes retinoic acid which induces sonic hedge hog signalling and determines where fingers are to be placed.
20
Q

By what week do the hand and feet flatten into plates?

A

6week for the hands, and 7th week for the feet.

21
Q

What results in the formation of separate digits?

A

Apoptosis induced by AER

22
Q

By what seek do limbs have a cartilaginous model?

A

6th week

23
Q

What is the step by step process of cartilage to bone formation?

A

1) Cartilage model of the primordial bone.
2) Condrocytes hypertrophy (get larger and then will calcify) leaving just cartilage
3) Invasion of blood vessels bringing in osteoblasts
4) Osteoblasts form bone ontop of dead condrocytes

24
Q

When will every long bone have a primary ossification center?

A

week 12

25
Q

What direction dor the upper limb buds rotate?
What direction do the lower limb buds rotate?
When does this occur?

A
  • 90 degrees laterally
  • 90 degrees medially
  • 7 weeks
26
Q

What does the primordial vascular patterns to the upper limb consist of?
- What does the axial artery become?

A
  • Primary axial arteries

- The brachial artery

27
Q

From what does the radial and ulnar arteries arise from?

What happens to the median artery?

A
  • Secondary branches from the brachial.

- The median artery degenerates.

28
Q

In the lower limb what does the axial artery begin as?

What 3 vessels represent remants of the primary axial artery?

A
  • The ischiadic artery

- Profunda femoris, Popliteal, Posterior tibial

29
Q

What is the critical period of development for limb anomalies?

  • What are minor anomalies?
  • What is a major anomaly?
A
  • Critical period is the 4-5th weeks.
  • Webbing, retinoic usage in pregnant women in the 4th week
  • Thalidomide can cause (failure to develop, formation of extra bones, fusion of adjacent digits)
30
Q

What are the symptoms of achondroplasia and what is the major defect?

A
  • Dwarfism, limbs are bowed and short

- disturbance of the endochondral ossification at epiphyseal plates.

31
Q

What are the symptoms of Thanatophoric Dysplasia . What is the major deficiency?

A
  • lethal skeletal dysplasia due to respiratory failure. Rib cage is smaller.
  • Fibroblast growth factor receptor deficiency.
32
Q

What is the main deficiency of osteogenesis imperfecta and what is its typical presentation.

A
  • Deficiency in type 1 collagen

- multiple bone fractures

33
Q

What is Amelia?

What is Meromelia?

A
  • Amelia - absence of an entire limb

- Meromelia - absence of part of a limb.

34
Q

What is Ectrodactyly?

A
  • Lobster claw deformity absence of central digits and failure of digital rays form. Something wrong with the AER.
35
Q

What is the major problem in congenital absence of radius?

A
  • radius is completely absent.

- Hand deviates laterally.

36
Q

What is the major presentation of Brachydactyly?

A
  • Shortness of the digits and often associated, short stature, and polydactyly
37
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

Cutaneous webbing of the digits. Can be ossesous (fusion of bones).

38
Q

What is the defect of congenital clubfoot?

A

any defect involving the talus.

  • abnormal orientation of the foot that prevents normal weight bearing .
  • caused by environmental factors.
39
Q

What occurs in congenital dislocation of Hip?

A

Acetabulum doesn’t form properly and sometime the head of femur doesn’t grow. Results from laxity of the joint capsule or underdevelopment of the acetabulum.

Musculoskeletal Exam 1 (11 decks)

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