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Block 1 Week 3 > Embryology 5 > Flashcards

Embryology 5 Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic vs fetal development?

A 
-embryonic= 1-8 week s
fetal= 8 weeks and beyond
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2
Q

what happens by end of the embryonic period?

A
  • major organ systems have begun to develop
  • Initially head growth exceeds that of other regions
  • Rostral (cranial/anterior) parts develop sooner/earlier than caudal
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3
Q

What does “wave of development” mean?

A

-that the rostral (cranial/anterior) parts develop sooner than the caudal parts

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4
Q

When do women realize they are pregnant? why is this potentially problematic?

A

-know ~5-6 weeks pregnant
1-2 weeksafter missed period
-embryonic period is very delicate, most crucial time for development (first 6 weeks) women can not know & be harming the baby

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5
Q

Pregnancy diagnostic tests?

A

1) Amniocentesis
2) Chorionic villi sampling
3) Ultrasonography
4) Umbilical cord blood sample
5) Computed tomography & MRI
6) Fetal monitoring

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6
Q

Amniocentesis

A
  • initially risky could damage embryo , process now due to ultrasound guided probe
  • remove sample of amniotic fluid; test for specific mutations, risk factors, enzymes(see if have metabolic defects)
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7
Q

ultrasound

A
  • used to ID gender & fetal progression
  • have made incredible advances (HD 3D ultrasounds)
  • no deleterious effect on human embryos yet; but research is unclear
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8
Q

ultrasound & deleterious effects

A
  • ultrasound radiations dosages similar to what humans get have shown cellular effects in rats
  • stimulation increases bone tissue proliferation, decreases normal cell proliferation
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9
Q

difficulties in estimating fetal age?

A
  • sperm can last in the uterus for 5-6 days, so fertilization day could be off
  • a lot of times base on last menstrual cycle, which add 1-2 weeks until ovulation& fertilization
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10
Q

What happens in gestation?

A

-divided into three 3-month periods (trimesters)

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11
Q

What happens in the fetal period?

A
  • increases in length & weight
  • progressive nerve & muscle wiring create vital functions required immediately after birth
  • Lungs mature in last trimester
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12
Q

when did growth and maturation of organs & structures developed?

A

the embryonic period

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13
Q

3 ways to estimate how long you’ve been pregnant?

A

1) Lab/Embryologists count from fertilization: 38 weeks:~266 days or 38 weeks since the time of conception (8 ¾ calendar)
2) MDs count from last menstrual period: 40 weeks. ~280 days, 40 weeks since last normal menstrual period (9 ¼ calendar)
3) Estimating Fetal Age Based on Weight and Crown-rump Length

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14
Q

why call estimation and not calculate ?

A

-hard to estimate, is not a guarantee a lot of factors could effect the accuracy

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15
Q

Estimating Fetal Age Based on Weight and Crown-rump Length (CRL)?

A

size of baby from top of head to bottom of butt

-easier than basing it on weight since hard to weight a fetus

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16
Q

average at term birth size (CRL and weight)?

A
  • weight 3400 grams (7.5 lb)

- crown-to-rump length 360 mm (~14 in)

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17
Q

fetal period rate of growth in embryonic vs fetal period ?

A
  • in the embryonic development, head grew disproportionately fast
  • in fetal period; body grows disproportionally fast compared to head cuz is trying to catch up to it
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18
Q

other ways to determine fetal age?

A

1) Biparietal diameter
2) Head circumference
3) Abdominal circumference
4) Femur length
5) Foot Length

not infallible…our estimates kinda suck ass

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19
Q

why weight not best way to determine the fetal age?

A
  • because there a lot of variation due to maternal factors

- can often lead to overestimating size of baby

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20
Q

suspected macrosomia?

A

-when doctors conclude from various tests that the baby is too large for the mama
-often misdiagnosed (4 in 5)
which is bad cuz leads to unnecessary intervention (induction, epidural, and C-section)

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21
Q

when estimating fetal age with crown-rump length? How gather info?

A

-when date of conception is in doubt
-method of choice for late 1st trimester
-do with ultrasound
-

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22
Q

How analyze crown-rump length?

A
  • based on ethnicity

- correlates length w/ specificed age/week (either after fertilzition or last menstrual period) on a chart

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23
Q

9 weeks

A
  • (CRL 50)
  • Head is almost half of the CRL of fetus.
  • Face broad, eyes widely separated, eyelids fused, ears low-set. Androgynous external genitalia.
  • Portions of Intestine in umbilical cord
24
Q

10-11 Week

A
  • (CRL 61)
  • Intestine to abdomen
  • Early fingernail development
25
Q

12 weeks

A
  • (CRL 87)
  • Primary oscification centers appear in cranium, long bones.
  • Gender-specific external genitalia distinguishable
  • Well-defined neck.
26
Q

Weeks 13-16 broadly what happens?

A

Rapid growth, limbs, body relatively faster than head

27
Q

14 weeks

A
  • (CRL 120)
  • Head erect. Eyes face anteriorly, slow movement.
  • Lower limbs well developed,
  • initial light movement.
28
Q

16 weeks

A
  • (CRL 140)
  • External ears stand out from head
  • Differentiated Ovaries.
  • ultrasound signal
29
Q

Weeks 17-20 generally?

A

Relative growth rate slows

30
Q

18 Weeks

A
  • (CRL 160)
  • Vernix caseosa
  • Quickening (first movements) felt by mother.
31
Q

Vernix caseosa

A

(dead cells and lipids “cheese wax”) covers skin & protects fetus

32
Q

21 weeks

A
  • (CRL 200)
  • Skin wrinkled, translucent and pink (blood)
  • Rapid eye movement
33
Q

21 weeks

A
  • (CRL 200)
  • Skin wrinkled, translucent and pink (blood)
  • Rapid eye movement
34
Q

22-23 Weeks?

A

startle responses

-surfactant in lungs

35
Q

surfactant indicate?

A

-develop around weeks 22-23; if baby has surfactant indicates that it can potentially survive birth in the NICU

36
Q

24 week

A
  • (CRL 230)
  • fingernails
  • lean body
37
Q

What is viability weight & week cut off?

A
  • weigh higher than 500 g
  • 22-25 week may survive in (NICU)
  • high neurodevelopment risk up to week 26
38
Q

26 weeks

A
  • (CRL 250)
  • Lungs & pulmunory vasculature sufficiently developed
  • CNS has matured
  • can direct rithmic breathing&movements
  • Subcutaneous white fat fills wrinkles skin
  • Erythropoiesis in Spleen
39
Q

28 Weeks

A
  • (CRL 270)

- Erythropoiesis in Bone Marrow

40
Q

What displays highest neonatal mortality?

A

very low birth weight indicates high levels of mortality more so than week of birth

41
Q

Weeks 30-34?

A
  • Normal weight fetuses born by the end of this period usually survive
  • Skin is smooth, limbs have chubby appearance
42
Q

30 weeks

A
  • (CRL 280)

- Body filling out. Testes descending

43
Q

32 Week

A
  • (CRL 300):
  • fingernails reach fingertips
  • skin smooth
44
Q

Weeks 35-38?

A
  • Nervous system mature to execute integrative functions.

- Despite body growth, head still big

45
Q

36 weeks

A
  • (CRL 340)
  • Body usually plump.
  • Flexed limbs
  • firm grasp.
46
Q

Factors Affecting Fetal Growth (x7):

A

1) Maternal Nutrition
2) Smoking
3) Multiple Pregnancy
4) Social Drugs
5) Infection
6) Environmental Factors
7) Impaired uteroplacental blood flow

47
Q

Factors Affecting Fetal Growth (x7):

A

1) Maternal Nutrition
2) Smoking
3) Multiple Pregnancy
4) Social Drugs
5) Infection
6) Environmental Factors
7) Impaired uteroplacental blood flow

48
Q

Maternal Nutrition

A
  • leads to underweight infants (normal head size and body)
49
Q

Smoking

A

decreased O2 leads to small infants w/ low birth weight & structural changes

50
Q

Multiple Pregnancy

A
  • increased demand on limited resources

- infants weigh less; typically develop normally in life

51
Q

Birth Defects In the United States per year? What can affect this %?

A
  • Birth defects affect one in 33 babies (~ 3%) born
  • Birth defects are the leading cause of infant deaths
  • Socioeconomic factors:
52
Q

Frequency of occurrence of major and minor congenital anomalies?

A

Major: 3% of live births; by 2 years of age, is ~6% (later detection)
Minor: 15%

53
Q

what kind of congenital anomalies are more common in early embryos?

A

-Major anomalies
~15%
-most severely malformed results in abortion

54
Q

Teratogens; ex?

A

-agents that cause
congenital anomalies following maternal exposure
-Congenital rubella syndrome: when mama gets infected w/ rubella and give to baby
-b4 this thought birth defects were hereditary

55
Q

Jim Wilson’s Six Principles of Teratogenicity (Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on)?

A

1) Genotype of the conceptus
2) Timing of the exposure
3) Dose of exposure
4) Duration or access of exposure
5) Specific cellular mechanism in which it acts
6) Four Manifestations of abnormal development:
a) death
b) malformation
c) growth retardation
d) functional disorder.

Block 1 Week 3 (8 decks)

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