Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Pseudoglandular Stage of Lung Development

A

Weeks 5-17 where lungs take on a glandular appearance; represents a period of rapid branching of the pulmonary tree w/ mucous glands present by week 18

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2
Q

Canalicular Stage of Lung Development

A

Occurs during Week 16-24 when lungs get a canal-like appearance; capillary beds expand and endothelium thins to allow for gas exchange

-Production of surfactant begins in this stage; accelerated by presence of glucocorticoids, decreased by neonatal insulin prod. in response to maternal diabetes

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3
Q

Saccular Stage of Lung Development

A

Weeks 24-38 when lung cell proliferation slows but Type II pneumocyte fnxn increases

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4
Q

Alveolar Stage of Lung Development

A

Occurs from 36-weeks to 3 years; lungs develop large increase in pneumocytes (especially type II) as well as a decrease in smooth muscle and PVR

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5
Q

Factors needed for alveolar development

A

VEGF, estrogen, Retinol

-testosterone actually decreases lung development

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6
Q

Surfactant Protein-A

A

Most abundant type of surfactant that is recycled by Type II pneumos; also act as an opsonin important in warding off infxn

-Deficiency is still compatible w/ life

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7
Q

Surfactant Protein B

A

Enhances the spread of the surfactant monolayer; deficiencies are not compatible w/ life

-Can tell because these babies do not respond when given surfactant administration

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8
Q

Surfactant Protein C

A

Most hydrophobic surfactant protein; requires activation by Surfactant B**

Main fnxn: recruit other lipids to the surfactant monolayer

-Deficiencies are compatible w/ life but may develop early onset interstitial fibrosis

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9
Q

Surfactant Protein D

A

Largest of the surfactants that mainly fnxns as a component of the innate immune system; can be found in other organs

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10
Q

Surfactant Inactivation

A

Can occur in aspiration, meconium, pneumonia, or swallowed blood

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11
Q

Betamethasone

A

Increases the surfactant prod. of Type II pneumos

Maternal Admin. =» decrease fetal body and lung growth that worsens w/ each dose

Fetal admin. =» Improves lung maturation w/ no effect on lung growth

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12
Q

Transient Tachypnea of Newborn

A

Failure of fetal lung fluid to be resorbed during delivery; baby presents w/ mild RD

Assoc. w/ prematurity, C-sec, umbilical cord prolapse

***See starbust pattern on CXR

Tx: O2 support; great success

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13
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Baby prevents w/ severe RD due to decreased surfactant production =» hyaline membrane formation w/ destruction of alveoli

Tx: Bovine SURFACTANT

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14
Q

Neonatal Pneumothorax

A

Vaginal delivery w/ broad-shouldered baby (shoulder dystocia)

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15
Q

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

A

CXR will show intestines in chest; baby presents w/ mild RD

Tx: Surgery/supportive

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16
Q

Embyonic Stage of Lung Development

A

Occurs during weeks 3-7; initial branching occurs giving rise to 5 lobes of lung

Esophagus separates from trachea (if not, you get a TE fistula)

17
Q

Neonatal pneumonia

A

Typically occurs after membrane rupture during delivery; CXR shows interstitial infiltrate

  • Mom will have a fever, and uterine tenderness due to rupture
  • Blood cultures will be (-) because it is confined to the lungs
18
Q

Criteria for adolescent lymph node biopsy

A

Supraclavicular nodes

2-6 weeks of lymphadenopathy with no response to abs or risk factors for malignancy

> 6 weeks