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Step 1 High Yields > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Telecephalon is a derivative of what?

And gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Forebrain (prosencephalon)

Gives rise to cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricles

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2
Q

Diencephalon is a derivative of what?

And gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of forebrain (prosencephalon)

Gives rise to thalamus and third ventricle

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3
Q

Mesencephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Gives rise to Midbrain and Aqueduct

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4
Q

Metencephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Gives rise to pons, cerebellum, and upper part of fourth ventricle

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5
Q

Myelenchephalon is a derivative of what?

Gives rise to what?

A

Derivative of Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Gives rise to medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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6
Q

Notochord becomes what in adult life?

A

Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

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7
Q

Muscles of tongue derived from?

A

Occipital myotomes

1 and 2nd brachial arches make up anterior 2/3
3rd and 4th brachial arches make of posterior 1/3

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8
Q

Day 0 embryogenesis

A

Fertilization by sperm, forming zygote initiating embryogenesis

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9
Q

Day 3 Embryogenesis

A

Morula (at entry of uterus)

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10
Q

Day 2 embryogenesis

A

Zygote at ampulla of Fallopian tube

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11
Q

day 5 embryogenesis

A

Blastocyst

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12
Q

Within week 1 of embryogenesis

A

hCG secretion begins around the time of implanatation

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13
Q

Within week 2 of embryogenesis

A

Bilaminar disc (epiblast, hypoblast)

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14
Q

Within week 3 of embryogenesis

A

Trilaminar disc

Gastrulation
Primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization and neural plate begin to form

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15
Q

Weeks 3-8 of embryogenesis

A

Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4

Organogenesis

Extermely susceptible to teratogens

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16
Q

Week 4 of embryogenesis

A

Heart begins to beat

Upper and lower limb buds begin to form

4 weeks=4 limbs

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17
Q

Week 6 of embryogenesis

A

Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound

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18
Q

Week 10 of embryogenesis

A

Genitalia have male/female characteristics

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19
Q

Surface Ectoderm

A

Adenohypophysis, lens of eye, epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of ears, and olfactory epithelium

Epidermis

anal canal below the pectinate line

parotid, sweat and mammary glands

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20
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

brain (neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland)

retina and optic nerve

Spinal cord

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21
Q

Neural Crest

A

PNA (dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerves, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells ANS)

melanocytes, chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

Parafollicular cells of thyroid, pia and arachnoid, bones of skull, odontoblasts, aorticopulmonary septum

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22
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscle, bone, CT, serous linings of body cavities, spleen, cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, wall of gut tube, vagina, kidney, adrenal cortex, dermis, testes, ovaries

Notochord (in mesoderm)induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate)

VACTERL defects
Vertebral, Anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheo-esophageal fistula, renal defects, limb defects

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23
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut tube epithelium (anal above the pecitnate line), most of urethra,

luminal epithelial derivates (lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, Eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)

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24
Q

Allantois derives into

A

Umbilical arteries and vein

Urachus (duct between fetal bladder and yolk sac forms about the 3rd week)

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25
Q

Patent Urachus

A

Failure of urachus to obliterate

Urine discharge from umbilicus (exacerbated by crying, starving, voiding and prone position)

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26
Q

Urachal sinus

A

Failure to close distal urachus

Presents with periumbilical tenderness, and purulent discharge from umbilicus and recurrent infections

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27
Q

Urachal cyst

A

partial failure of central urachus to obliterate

Fluid filled cavity lined with uroepithelium between umbilicus and bladder

Can lead to infection or adenocarcinoma

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28
Q

Vitelline duct

A

Obliterates in 7th week

Connects yolk sac to midgut lumen

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29
Q

Vitelline fistula

A

Failure of vitelline duct to close

Meconium discharge from umbilicus

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30
Q

Meckel Diverticulum

A

Failure of vitelline duct to close completely

Patent portion attached to ileum-fibrous band from diverticulum to umbilicus (true diverticulum)

Presents with: ectopic gastric mucosa and/or pancreatic tissue-melena, periumbilical pain and ulcers

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31
Q

1st aortic arch

A

part of maxillary artery

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32
Q

2nd aortic arch

A

stapedial artery and hyoid artery

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33
Q

3rd aortic arch

A

Common carotid artery and part of internal carotid

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34
Q

4th aortic arch

A

left=aortic arch

Right: right subclavian artery

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35
Q

6th aortic arch

A

Proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

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36
Q

Clefts, arches and pouches

A

CAP
Clefts=ectoderm
Arches=mesoderm and neural crest cells
Pouches=endoderm

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37
Q

1st brachial cleft derivative

A

External auditory meatus

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38
Q

2nd through 4th brachial cleft

A

temporary cervical sinuses which are obliterated

if persist lead to brachial cleft cyst within lateral neck

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39
Q

1st brachial arch derivatives

A 
Cartilage:(meckel cartilage)
Mandible
spheno-Mandibular ligament
Malleus
Vomer, zygoma, palatine

Muscles: Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini

nerves: V2 and V3

40
Q

2nd brachial arch derivatives

A

Cartilage: (reichert cartilage)
Stapes, styloid, leSSer horn of hyoid, stylohyoid ligament

Muscles: muscles of facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, plastysma, belly of digastric

Nerves: CN VII

41
Q

3rd brachial arch derivatives

A

Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid

Muscles: stylopharyngeus

nerves: CN IX

42
Q

4th brachial arch

A

Cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

Muscles;
most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid
Posteriro 1/3 of tongue

Nerves:
CN X-superior largyngeal (swallow)

43
Q

6th brachial arch derivatives

A

Cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform

Muscles: all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

Nerves: CN X
recurrent laryngeal-speak

44
Q

Embryo veins: vitelline, umbilical and cardinal develop into what?

A

Vitelline: portal system
Umbilical: degenerate
Cardinal: systemic

45
Q

1st brachial pouch derivative

A

Middle ear cavity, Eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

46
Q

2nd brachial pouch derviatives

A

Epithelial lining of palatine tonsil

47
Q

3rd brachial pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal wings: Inferior parathyroids

ventral wings: Thymus

48
Q

4th brachial pouch derivatives

A

Dorsal wings develop into superior parathyroids

Thyroid parafollicular cells

49
Q

Cleft Lip

A

6th week of developmen
Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes

Midline intermaxillary segment develops into philturm of upper lip, four maxillary teeth and primary palate

50
Q

Cleft palate

A

6th week of development
Failure of fusion of two lateral palatine processes
OR
Failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with nasal septum and/or median palatine process

51
Q

Paramesonephric (Müllerian duct)

A

Develops into female internal structures: Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina

Males have Mullerian inhibitory factor from Sertoli cells that suppress development of paramesonephric duct

52
Q

Mesonephric (wolffian) duct

A

Testosterone helps develop male internal structures

Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and ductus deferens

53
Q

Genital tubercle becomes?

A

Glans penis or glans clitoris
AND
Coprus cavernosum/Spongiousum and vesibular bulbs

54
Q

Urogenital folds become what?

A

Ventral aspect of penis and labia minora

55
Q

genital swellings become

A

Scrotum and labia majora

56
Q

urogenital sinus becomes what?

A

Bladder, urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands (males)

Bladder, urethra, lower vagina and bartholin glands (females)

Bulbourethral glands and greater vestibular glands (Bartholin) are homologs
as are
Prostate and urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene

57
Q

Gubernaculum (band of fibrous tissue) male and female remnants

A

male: anchors testes within scrotum

Female: ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus

58
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

1.5-2 L of amniotic fluid-uterine large for gestational age

Associated with fetal malformations (esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly), maternal diabetes, fetal anemia, mutiple gestations

Increased fetal CO increases fetal urination (alloimunization, parvovirus, fetomaternal hemorrhage

At risk: preterm labor placental abruption, and uterine atony due to Overdistension

59
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

less than .5 L of amniotic fluid

Associated with placental insufficiency, bilateral renal agenesis, or posterior urethral valves in males and resultant inability to excrete urine

Profound oligohydramnios can cause Potter sequence

60
Q

Bulbis cordis gives rise to

A

Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles

61
Q

Primitive atria gives rise to

A

Trabeculated part of left and right atria

62
Q

Primitive ventricle gives rise to

A

trabeculated part of left and right ventricles

63
Q

primitive pulmonary vein gives rise to

A

Smooth part of left atrium

64
Q

Left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to

A

Coronary sinus

65
Q

Right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to…

A

smooth part of right atrium

66
Q

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein gives rise to

A

SVC

67
Q

Umbilical vein becomes…

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis (contained in falciform ligament)

68
Q

Umbilical arteries become

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

69
Q

Ductus arteriosus becomes

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

70
Q

Ductus venosus becomes

A

Ligamentum venosum

71
Q

Foramen ovale becomes

A

fossa ovalis

72
Q

Allantois becomes

A

Urachus-median umbilical ligament

Urachus is part of allantoic duct between the bladder and umbilicus

Urachal cyst or sinus is a remnant

73
Q

Mesonephros gives rise to

A

Vas deferens and epidydimis of male genital system

74
Q

Uretric Bud gives rise to

A

ureter, pelvises, calyces and collecting ducts

75
Q

Metanephric mesenchyme

A

Urerteric bud interacts with this tissue inducing differentiation

Forms glomerulus through distal convoluted tubule

76
Q

Last kidney aspect to canalize

A

Ureteropelvic junction-most common site of obstruction (hydronephrosis)

Metanephros begins forming urine before canalization of ureteric bud

77
Q

Potter sequence

A

Oligohydramnios-compression of developing fetus leads to limb deformities, facial anomalies (low set ears and retrognathia) and compression of chest leading to pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death)

Causes include: ARPKD, posterior urethral valves, bilateral renal agenesis

78
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Inferior poles of both kidneys fuse

Ascend from pelvis and get trapped under inferior mesenteric artery and remain in lower abdomen

Kidney functions normally

Increased risk for ureteropelvic junction obstruction, hydronephrosis, renal stones and rarely renal cancer (wilms tumor)

Associated with Turner syndrome

Recurrent UTIs

79
Q

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

A

Abnormal interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme

Leads to a nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue

Generally asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney

Diagnosed prenatally via ultrasound

80
Q

Foregut

A

Esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and upper duodenum

Supplied by celiac artery

Parasympathetic=vagus

81
Q

Midgut

A

duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

Suppled by SMA
Parasympathetic=vagus

6th week midgut herniates though umbilical ring
Goes through 270 degree around SMA to allow proper placement (10th week)
If malformation then malrotation occurs
Cecum in upper r. quadrant fixed with fibrous bands to duodenum
Obstruction leads to billous vomiting

82
Q

Hindgut

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line

Supplied by IMA
Parasympatheticc=pelvic

83
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Lateral fold closure defect

Extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds not covered by peritoneum

84
Q

Omphalocele

A

Lateral fold defect

Persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord

sealed by perioteneum

85
Q

Jejunal, ileal and colonic atresia

A

Due to vascular accident

SMA can lead to to ileal necrosis-apple peel atresia
ileum spirals around artery and ends in blind pouch

Billous vomiting after 24 hours

86
Q

Imperforate anus

A

“dimple instead of a hole”
Associated with urorectal, urovesicle, or urovaginal fistulas

Meconium discharge from urethral vagina may be present but unable to come fro manus

Renal agenesis, hypospadias, epispadias, and bladder extrosphy common associations

87
Q

Trachoesophageal anomalies

A

Esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula most common

Results in drooling, choking, and vomiting with first feeding

TEF allows for air to enter stomach (visible on CXR)

Cyanosis secondary to laryngospasm (to avoid reflux related aspiration)

Clinical test: failure to pass nasogastric tube into stomach

88
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Hypertrophy of he pylorus causes obstruction

Palpable “olive” mass in epigastric region and nonbilious projectile vomiting (2-6 weeks old)
Visible peristalsis

Treatment: surgical incision

More common in males

89
Q

Ventral pancreatic buds give rise to…

A

pancreatic head and main pancreatic duct

uncinate process

UNCle VErnon is the MAIN dickHEAD

90
Q

Dorsal pancreatic bud gives rise to..

A

everything else…body, tail, isthmus, and acessory pancreatic duct

91
Q

Annular pancreas

A

Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles second part of duodenum

Forms a ring around the pancreatic tissue causing duodenal narrowing

Billous vomiting or asymptomatic

Double air sign

92
Q

Pancreas divisum

A

Ventral and dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8 weeks

Pancreatic secretions drained by two separate duct systems

Dominant dorsal to duodenum (minor papillae)
Ventral goes to (major papillae)

Incidental finding but can cause recurrent pancreatitis

93
Q

retroperitoneal structures

A

GI structures that lack a mesentery
Injury causes blood or gas accumulation in retroperitoneal space

SAD PUCKER
Suprarenal (adrenal glands)
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum (2-4 parts)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureteres
Colon (descending and ascending
Kidneys
esophagus (lower 2/3)
Rectum (partially)
94
Q

Meckel Diverticulum

A

True Diverticulum

Presistence of vitelline duct/ophalomesenteric duct obliteration failure

May contain ectopic acid secreting gastric mucosa or pancreatic tissue

Can cause melena, RLQ pain, intussusception, volvuls or obstruction near terminal ileum

Diagnosis: pertechenetate study for uptake by gastric muscosa

95
Q

Thyroglossal duct adult remnant…

A

Foramen cecum

96
Q

Thyroglossal duct

A

Anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

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