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111 Cardiovascular Physiology 2 Spring 2014 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

0
Q

What is an early morula?

A

8 cells

About 80 hours

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1
Q

What are the first 6 stages after fertilization?

A

2 cell stage

4 cell stage

Early morula

Advanced morula

Blastocyst

Embryoblast

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2
Q

What is advanced morula?

A

16 cells

The advanced morula takes up fluid and enlarges into a blastocyst.

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3
Q

What does morula mean?

A

Morula is an embryo at an early stage, a spherical mass of blastomeres.

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4
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Before implantation

The wall of the blastocyst consists of a single layer of trophoblast cells and an inner cell mass, the embryoblast.

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5
Q

What is the embryoblast?

A

Early implantation

Also called an embryonic disc

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6
Q

What is the trophoblast responsible for?

A

The attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine epithelium and the implantation into the endometrium.

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7
Q

With implantation, what does the trophoblast divide into?

What will this form?

A

Divides into the cyto and syncytiotrophoblast

Which will form the embryonic membrane and the fetal portion of the placenta.

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8
Q

What does the embryo develop from?

A

The inner cell mass, embryoblast

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9
Q

What does the inner cell mass (embryoblast) divide into?

A

It divides into two germ layers: The inner layer endoderm The outer layer ectoderm

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10
Q

What forms after the two layers of the embryonic disc have formed?

A

A space appears between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast layer to form the amniotic cavity.

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11
Q

What two layers form the embryonic disc?

A

The inner layer endoderm The outer layer ectoderm

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12
Q

The amniotic cavity is between what two structures?

A

The amniotic cavity is a space between the inner cell mass and the trophoblast layer.

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13
Q

What is the amniotic cavity lined by?

A

The ectodermal cells and the amniogenic cells.

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14
Q

What forms the primitive yolk sac?

A

Migrating endodermal cells

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15
Q

What are the endodermal cells seperated from and what seperates them?

A

The endodermal cells are separated from the trophoblast by the extraembryonic mesoderm.

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16
Q

The embryonic proper is now a disc made up of 2 layers of cells which will form what?

A

all the intra embryonic tissues.

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17
Q

The ectodermal cells migrate between the ectoderm and endoderm which give rise to?

A

The intra embryonic mesoderm, the third layer.

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18
Q

What are the ectoderm and the endoderm separated by, except where?

A

The ectoderm and the endoderm are separated by the mesoderm except at the prochordal plate. The embryo is 20 days old and 1.5 mm

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19
Q

Where has the endoderm thickened?

A

At the prochordal plate

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20
Q

What are the three embryonic layers?

A

Endoderm (entoderm) -inner layer

Mesoderm -middle layer

Ectoderm -outer layer

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21
Q

The mesoderm layer is responsible for:

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Bone
  3. Muscle(including the heart and the pericardium)
  4. Vascular system
  5. Lymphatic system
  6. Kidneys
  7. Cartilage
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22
Q

What is the endoderm (entoderm) responsible for?

A
  1. Respiratory system
  2. Digestive system
  3. Bladder
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23
Q

What is the ectoderm responsible for?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Nervous system
  4. Brain
  5. Spine
  6. Nails
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24
Q

Vasculogenesis:

What changes are made before Vasculogenesis can happen?

Where are the cavities?

A

Cavities are created within the embryonic mesoderm.

These cavities extend cranially and fuse just anterior to the precordial plate.

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25
Q

With the formation of the celom , the mesoderm has been separated into what 2 layers?

A

a parietal or somatopleuric mesoderm and the splanchnopleuric mesoderm.

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26
Q

Vasculogenesis:

In the mesenchyme of the splanchnopleuric mesoderm there are

A

masses of angiogenic cells .

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27
Q

What are angiogenesis cell clusters?

A

blood islands.

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28
Q

Vasculogenesis:

What do angiogenic cell clusters or blood islands form?

A

The angiogenic cell clusters or blood islands rapidly increase in no# and size from the growth of these vessels, the endocardial tubes will grow.

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29
Q

Vasculogenesis:

Bilaterally ,clusters of angiogenic cells have formed and will produce

A

2 dorsal Aorta’s , these vessels connect to the arterial end of the endocardial tubes.

30
Q

Vasculogenesis:

At the caudel end the endocardial tubes will join the

A

vitelline veins from the yolk sac and later with the umbilical veins.

31
Q

Formation of the Arterial & Venous Ends:

With the formation of the 2 Dorsal Aortas these vessels will connect with the

A

dorsal- caudal end of the endocardial tubes forming an arterial end.

32
Q

Formation of the Arterial & Venous Ends

The caudal ends of the lateral endocardial tubes will eventually fuse with

A

the vitelline veins forming the venous end

33
Q

Formation of the Arterial & Venous Ends:

how do they form?

A

With the formation of the 2 Dorsal Aortas these vessels will connect with the dorsal- caudal end of the endocardial tubes forming an arterial end.

The caudal ends of the lateral endocardial tubes will eventually fuse with the vitelline veins forming the venous end

34
Q

Formation of the Heart Tube

How does it form?

A

The forebrain is now growing rapidly , along with the neural plate this rapid growth changes the position of the cardiac area aligning the R& L endocardial Tubes closer. The Communications between the L/R Heart tubes fuse resulting in a single Heart Tube .

35
Q

Formation of the Heart Tube:

With the formation of the Heart Tube ,the Dorsal Aorta’s are positioned

A

more cranially with each Aorta producing an Arch , R/L Aortic Arches.

With the growth of the single Heart Tube the pericardial cavity is growing .

36
Q

How many days after conception does the heart beat and circulation occur?

A

The Heart beats at 22 days and circulation not until 27-29 days.

37
Q

Formation of the Heart Tube: With the formation of a single Heart tube , the splanchnopleuric mesodermal tissue surrounding the endocardial heart tube has split into 3 different layers:

A

-The cardiac jelly is the inner layer around the endothilium( around the heart tube ) -The second layer is densely nucleated and -Third layer is the outer layer which consists of mesothelial cells which lines the pericardial cavity. ( these second and third layers are called the myo epicardium ) Also called the myo epicardium mantle The embryo at this point is 7 somites and 23 days old.

38
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

At 23 days the bulboventricular part lays within the

A

pericardial cavity and is essentially straight .

39
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

Cranially the Aortic sac will lead to the formation of the ________ ________.

The caudal end contains the ____________________________________.

A

Aortic Arch.

area for the ventricle, and the mid portion will lead to the Bulbus Cordis.

40
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

The Bulbus continues to grow, this will force the single Heart tube to slowly bend

A

anteriorly and to the right. Producing the Bulboventricular sulcus on the outside leads to the fold / flange on the inside.

41
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

With the increasing size of the Heart Tube and continuation of the folding this will position the __________________.

With heart folding moving anteriorly and to the right this positions ________________.

A

Truncus and the Conus.

the LV to the left.

42
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

With the expansion of the Bulbus cordis the primitive Atria moves _____ the back of the pericardial cavity so now the atria are in the pericardial cavity.

A

up

43
Q

Formation of the heart loop: The a-v canal is also repositioned , which forms?

A

this forms the only communication between the atria and the LV.

44
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop: The Primitive LV is growing and dilating and is acquiring a

A

larger lumen.

45
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

The junction of what two things will become the primary interventricular foramen?

A

The junction of the LV and the Bulbus chordis will become the primary interventricular formamen

46
Q

Formation of the Heart Loop:

At this point Diverticula start to appear along the 1/3 of the Bulbus Chordis will become the

A

ventral borders of the heart tube, proximal and distal from the interventricular foramen in the early ventricle and the bulbus chordis. RV The embryo is now 25 days old , there are 20 somites / 3.2 mm in length.

47
Q

Formation of the Cardiac Septa:

A

the bulbus cordis will become the primitive RV , the remaining 1/3 will form the outflow portions of both the RV/LV, this area is now called the conus cordis.The truncus Arterious will give rise to the AO & PA trunks. The primitive atrium is growing rapidly this causes the truncoconal section of the bulbus cordis to shift to a more medial position between the roofs of the RV&LV

48
Q

Principles of Cardiac Septation:

What are the 3 formed actively and the 3 formed passively?

7th?

A

* 3 are formed passively, The septum secundum of the atrium , muscular portion of the IVS and the Aorticpulmonary area(RVOT,LVOT).

*3 are formed actively, the a-v canal , conus septum and the truncus septum.

7th- The primum septum starts out passively but then is completed by actively growing tissues.

49
Q

Principles of Cardiac Septation:

What is accomplished by the formation of the 7 cardiac septa?

A

4 chambers, 4 valves , a PA and AO is accomplished by the formation of 7 cardiac septa.

50
Q

Cardiac Septation , Ventricles: Presently the 20 somite embryo is 4 -5 mm from crown to rump. What has started?

What are the LV and RV connected by?

The boarders of what are formed by what?

A

the LV / RV are still just a widening of the Heart Tube and trabeculation has just started .

The LV and RV are still connected by the interventricular foreman.

The borders of the Interventricular foreman are formed by the developing IVS , inferiorly and anteriorly by the bulboventricular flange. The ventricles enlarge by a process of centrifugel growth and the process of the diverticula, increase of trabeculation. Some of the trabeculation will disappear / its reabsorbed . The remainig will later become papillary muscles , moderator band , septal band

51
Q

Formation of the Cardiac Septa:

A

The muscular IVS is formed by the medial walls of the growing ventricles, as they oppose and fuse . These fused medial walls also become trabeculated. In the RV the septal band appears along with the modreator band which connects to the anterior papillary muscle. The trabeculation is also responsible for the pap.muscle formation in the LV.

52
Q

The Atrioventricular Canal:

A

the a-v canal which is the communication between the atria and the ventricles is going to divide into a right and left av orifice . This is done by opposing masses of mesenchymal tissue called endocrdial cushions. They are the superior/inferior cushions, lateral and medial cushions. At this point the av canal and the truncoconal area align themselves they shifted medially. What will happen eventually as the chambers dilate , the bulboventricular flange will recede as the IVS grows and shifts so that is now aligned with the primitive LV and the conus cordis

53
Q

The AV Canal: part 2

A

The av canal is widening to the right as the EC’s are growing and extending into the lumen of the AV canal. The right and left ec’s develop prominences. And the major cushions fuse and the division of the av canal is complete with both a R/L atrioventicular orifice. ( embryo 11mm ) When the cushions fuse to form the primitive RVIF / LVIF area’s the endocaridal cushions bend and form an arc with the concave side towards the LV and the convex side towards the atria.

54
Q

Formation of the Cardiac septa:

When the formation of the IAS is complete…

A

When the formation of the IAS is complete , the septum primum meets the convex side of the EC and fuses. That portion that is to the left of the septum primum will form the anterior mitral valve leaflet. There is still a remaining communication between the RV/LV and that is the interventricular foremen

55
Q

Truncus Arteriosus:

A

During the division of the av canal in the truncoconal area of the bulbus cordis ,2 opposing area’s of tissue appear in the mid truncus these are the truncus swellings. One swelling is located on the dextrosuperior wall of the truncus and the other is on the sinistroinferior wall. The former grows distally and to the left and the latter grows distally and to the right causing spiral sepatation of the truncus arteriosus , their directions will cross each other ,this septation forms the truncus septum producing the Ao/PA

56
Q

The Conus Cordis:

A

During the sepatation of the Truncus Arterious , there are conal sewllings in the conus cordis. After completion of the Trucus Arterious , the conal swellings start to grow toward each other and in a distal direction towards the truncal septum. There are 2 conal swellings : the dextrodorsal conus swelling which is continuos with the dextrosoperior truncus swelling and the sinistroventral which is continous with the sinistroinferior truncal swelling.

57
Q

Completion of the Conal septum:

A

The conal septum completes the partition of the truncus Arterious. With the growth of the RV this causes a shift to the right of the av canal so that the dextrodorsal swelling stops at the superior border of the right av orifice . The sinus ventral conus swelling extends along the side of the upper anterior part of the IVS. Completion of the conus septum divides the conus into an anterolateral portion and a posteriormeadial portion The primitive RV and the anterolateral portion now form the RV and the posteromedial portion along with the fused av endocardial cushions becomes continous with and forming the LV.

58
Q

Sinus Venosus:

A

The sinus venous receives 3 pairs of veins , vitelline, umbilical and cardinal. The left sinus horn and the transverse portion become more separated from the left side of the atrium by a deep fold The right sinus horn becomes more vertical and incorporated into the RA. Folds are produced within the atrial cardiac wall ( from the incorporation of the sinus venous and the R/L sinus horns) At the sino atrial junction there is the R-sinus valve and on the left the L-sinus valve. Superiorly these valves join to form the septum spurium. The L-sinus valve will fuse with the atrial septum, the inferior portion of the r- sinus valve will form the Eustachian valve and the ostium and valve for the CS

59
Q

The Atria, IAS & Pulmonary veins:

A

AS the truncus Arterious is positioned and shifted more medially to lay on the roof of the Atrium this action produces a depression as the truncuas and the atria grow this depressions deepens. This produces a passively formed Septum Primum as this tissue grows and fuses with the EC’s ,the ostium primum becomes smaller , small perforations are produced in the wall At this point there are 2 Septums : the septum primum growing towards of the septum primum to produce the ostium secundum to keep communication between the RA&LA , as the second tissue layer grows and that is the septum secundum. The septum secundum is thicker , the septum secundum is formed by the continous folding of the interseptovalvular space. the EC’s and the septum secundum growing inferiorly and posteriorly. AS the septum secundum grows it will maintain the communication between the RA/LA and that opening is now called the foreman ovale. The single pulmonary vein arises from the LA wall . It connects to the splanchic plexus of vasculature behind the left atrium and at the level of the lung buds.. The remaining 3 Pulmonary veins are produced by magic and become part of the LA wall !

61
Q

Cardiac Valves:

A

With the division of the av canal and the formation of both R/L atrioventricular orifices , they are both lined with mesenchymal tissue . Each av orifice contains small proturbances from the endocardial cushion ( laterally ) The EC’s only give rise to the ALMV and the major portion of the ALTV. The major component of leaflet formation is from the ventricular wall. On the atrial surface the valve area is covered by endocardial tissue, in the RV there is a skirt of ventricular muscle which by the process of diverticulation the TV leaflets are undermined ( delamination) away from the ventricular myocardium and attached to the chordae *On the left side the ventricular skirt has been divided into sections : 2 anterior ( derived from the left haves of the EC’s )and 2 posterior. • Eventually 2 of the valve skirts will fuse producing just an anterior and posterior leaflet • * AO valve and Pulmonic valves are formed from truncal swellings and a third cushion which called the intercalated valve swelling . • From the intercalated valve swellings the cusps are formed as well as the sinuses

62
Q

What do the two endocardial tubes fuse to form?

A

These two tubes will fuse to form a single, primitive heart tube.

63
Q

What happens as the embryo undergoes lateral folding?

A

The two endocardial tubes have fused to form the single heart tube.

64
Q

What does the Bulbis cordis form?

A

it forms most of the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk

65
Q

What does the Primitive Ventricle form?

A

it forms most of the left ventricle

66
Q

what does the Primitive Atrium form?

A

it forms the anterior parts of the right and left atria

67
Q

What does the Sinus Venosus, right and left horns form?

A

it forms the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium.

68
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

22 days

69
Q

What way does the bulbis cordis move to form the right ventricle and parts of the outflow tracts for the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

the bulbis cordis moves inferiorly, anteriorly and to the embryos right

70
Q

What way does the Primitive Ventricle move to form the LV?

A

It moves to the embryos left side

71
Q

What way does the Primitive Atrium and Sinus Venosus move to form the right and left atria and SVC?

A

they move superiorly and posteriorly. The sinus venosus is now posterior to the primitive atrium.

72
Q
A
73
Q

Formation of the Arterial & Venous Ends

A

vasculogenesis

74
Q

Formation of the Heart Tube

A

111 Cardiovascular Physiology 2 Spring 2014 (4 decks)

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