Embryology Flashcards
What is the type of autonomic nervous system
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
What is the different between sympathetic and parasympathetic based on origin
-sympathetic: T1-L2
-parasympathetic: cranial (1973), spinal (2,3,4)
What is the different between sympathetic and parasympathetic based on length of ganglion
-sympathetic: short pre, long post
-parasympathetic: long pre, short post
What is the main origin of nervous system
-ectoderm (neuroectoderm)
What are the structures originated from the neural tube
-CNS neurons
-oligodendrocyte
-astrocyte
-retina and optic nerve
-neurohypophysis
-pineal gland
What are the structures originated from the neural crest
-PNS neurons
-schwann cells
-melanocyte
-meninges
-adrenal medulla
-parafollicular cell
-endocardial cushion
-aorticopulmonary septum
What are the primary derivative of nervous system
-prosencephalons
-mesencephalons
-rhombencephalons
What structures derived from prosencephalon
-telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)
-diencephalon (thalamus)
What structures derived from mesencephalon
-midbrain
What structures derived from rhombencephalon
-metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
-myelencephalon (medulla)
What is the main laboratory serum level that needs to be evaluated in case of nervous system congenital anomalies
-alpha-fetoprotein level
Case of increase of AFP during pregnancy and failure closure of anterior neuropores
-anencephalons
Case of no AFP during pregnancy and failure closure of posterior neuropores, condition is mild, mainly due to failure of the vetebra to be produced
-spina bifida occulta
Case of increase AFP and AchE during pregnancy and failure closure of posterior neuropores, condition is severe, with visible spinal cord
-spina bifida with myeloschiasis
What is the structure that is obstructed in hydrocephalus
-cerebral aqueduct
