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Renal 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer/structure forms the kidney ?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located ?

A

Just lateral to paraxial mesoderm adjacent to the somatic mesoderm

Paraxial mesoderm will go on to form all of the skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney ?

A

Electrolyte balance, Acid/base Regulation, Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney ?

A

Nephron

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5
Q

Structurally, what is a glomerulus ?

A

An arterial capillary bed (tufted capillary bed)

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6
Q

Where does the external glomerulus (early structure) empty ?

A

It empties into the structure that will become the peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

What are the three phases of kidney development that form from intermediate mesoderm?

A

Pronephros (Proximal) Early
Mesonephros (Medial) Middle
Metanephros (Distal) Late

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8
Q

When will the pronephros form ?

A

First of the structures to form (3-4 weeks)

Will eventually regress

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9
Q

When does the Mesonephros form ?

A

4-8 weeks

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10
Q

When will the metanephros form ?

A

5 weeks

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11
Q

The mesonephros functions as the kidney for a short while, creating embryonic urine. Where do the excretory tubules from this structure empty into ?

A

Wolfmann’s Duct (Mesonephric duct). This structure will eventually empty in to the Cloaca.

Later in development the Ureteric bud will come off of this structure.

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12
Q

The distal end of the tubules from the mesonephros will form what structure ?

A

Bowmens capsule (it will become associated with capillary beds to achieve this )

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13
Q

Due to the mesonephros’ ability to create urine it damage to it can contribute to pathologic disease. Define oligohydraminos ?

A

Too little amniotic fluid
Often associated with renal developmental defects that lead to decreased urine production (fetal urine is a constituent of amniotic fluid)

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14
Q

Define polyhydraminos ?

A

Too much amniotic fluid.

Often associated with ‘drinking’ deficiencies in the fetus like esophageal atresia

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15
Q

What is the structure called that is a part of the mesonephros and will lead to the development of the gonad ?

A

Urogenital Ridge (medial side of the mesonephros)

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16
Q

What occurs to the mesonephric duct in females ?

A

Nothing very significants , degenerates

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17
Q

What might occur if there is improper development/degeneration of the mesonephric duct in females ?

A

Gardners Cyst (fluid filled cysts in the bladder or vagina)

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18
Q

What occurs to the mesonephric duct in males ?

A

Becomes the part of the male reproductive tract (Ductus deferens, maybe more ?)

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19
Q

What important structure come of of the mesonephric duct to help form the kidney in conjunction with the metanephric mesoderm ?

A

The Ureteric Bud

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20
Q

What does the ureteric bud form in the kidney ?

A

Invades the metanephric mesoderm

Forms kidney tubules, collecting ducts ant ureters. (dilates and forms the primitive renal pelvis, calyces and the collecting tubules.)

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21
Q

What does the metanephros (metanephric blastema) give rise to ?

A

THE NEPHRONS ! (The invasion of the ureteric bud cause the metanephros to differentiate)

Bowmans
Proximal Tubule
LOH
Distal tubule

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22
Q

What do the glomeruli arise from ?

A

Mesenchyme (vascular mesoderm)

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23
Q

How does the kidney rotate as it Ascends from the pelvis into the abdomen ?

A

Rotates interiorly so that the renal pelvis is medial

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24
Q

What occurs to the lobules as the kidney matures ?

A

They smooth out

25
what is the cloaca
common opening for feces and urine (female Reproductive as well)
26
what is the allantois ?
growth off of the endoderm, stalk derived from the cloaca
27
where does the urinary bladder form from
The Allantois
28
What does the allantois become once the mature GU system forms ?
Median umbilical ligaments.
29
What ind of tissue forms the trigone ?
Intermediate mesoderm | It is surrounded by endoderm however.
30
What kind of tossed does the urethra form from ?
The bladder endoderm In males the terminal part [within the glans] develops from Ectoderm
31
Again, what kind of tissue form the Ureters ?
Intermediate mesoderm
32
What abnormality can lead to the constriction of the ureter by an anatomical structure ?
Accessory Renal Artery (due to the change in blood supply as the kidney ascend from the pelvis to the abdomen. seen in 25% of patients, leads to hydronephrosis
33
Can you ligate an accessory renal artery ?
no, the blood supply from these arteries is essential to kidney perfusion
34
What is a supernumerary kidney and how is it formed ?
an accessory kidney formed due to two ureteric buds coming off of the mesonephric duct leading to invasion of metanephric mesoderm in two places and thus extra kidney formation.
35
Which kidney is more likely to be absent in renal a genesis ?
The left More prevalent in males and fetus with single umbilical artery.
36
What fluid disorder will likely be seen with renal a genesis in the fetus ?
Oligohydraminos (not making urine)
37
Why might a fetus with bilateral renal agenesis still survive until birth ?
The placenta regulates the electrolytes for the fetus
38
What is the most likely place to see an ectopic kidney ? What causes this ?
In the pelvis Blockage of the ascent due to the persistence of the umbilical artery.
39
Why does renal agenesis typically occur ?
Failure of the ureteric bud to invade the metanephric mesoderm
40
Where do ectopic kidneys typically receive their blood from ?
Distal aorta, iliac and femoral arteries.
41
Describe the movement of a 'fused kidney'
Kidneys become fused together, one migrates to its correct side bringing the other with it
42
Describe crossed renal ectopia
Both kidneys migrate to the same side but are separate kidneys, unlike in fused kidney movement
43
What structure blocks the ascent of a horseshoe kidney ? Will you see symptoms
Inferior mesenteric artery NOPE usually not.
44
What is the cause of a bifid ureter ?
Ureteric bud divided prematurely
45
Is Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] unilateral or bilateral ?
BILATERAL
46
What genes are implicated in the formation of Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?
PKD1 and PKD2
47
Are normal nephrons seen in Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?
Surprisingly, YES !
48
How do most people die from Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?
15% die from brain aneurysm | 25% from associated mitral valve/heart issues.
49
What is the major gene associated with Autosomal-recessive [Childhood] polycystic kidney disease [ARPCKD ?
PKHD1
50
What is the hallmark of Autosomal-recessive [Childhood] polycystic kidney disease [ARPCKD
Dilation of ALL the collecting tubules in the kidney !
51
How would you characterize the cysts seen in both AD and AR PCKD ?
the cysts that are characteristic in both disease are widely dilated nephron loops
52
Are the cysts more prevalent in ADPCKD or ARPCKD ?
ADPCKD
53
What is associated with exstrophy of the bladder ?
Ventral body wall defect
54
What might you see in conjunction with an extrophic bladder ?
epispadius and wide separation of the pubic bones
55
What is the main reason for urachal Fistula formation ?
The allantois does not regress properly, there is an abnormal communication of the bladder to the outside via the anterior abdominal wall
56
What is the difference between a Urachal Fistula and a Viteline fistula ?
Urachal will leak urine, Viteline will leak gastric/fecal contents.
57
What is the difference between a urachal fistula and a urachal cyst ?
Fistula: canal to the outside body stays open Cyst: The canal to the outside is closed but the allantois still has areas that did not regress entirely allowing for fluid build up
58
Where will you typically see a urachal cyst ?
SUperiorly (anteriorly also ?) to the bladder.

Renal 2 (10 decks)

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