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Renal 2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What germ layer/structure forms the kidney ?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Where is the intermediate mesoderm located ?

A

Just lateral to paraxial mesoderm adjacent to the somatic mesoderm

Paraxial mesoderm will go on to form all of the skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney ?

A

Electrolyte balance, Acid/base Regulation, Hematopoiesis

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4
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney ?

A

Nephron

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5
Q

Structurally, what is a glomerulus ?

A

An arterial capillary bed (tufted capillary bed)

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6
Q

Where does the external glomerulus (early structure) empty ?

A

It empties into the structure that will become the peritoneal cavity

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7
Q

What are the three phases of kidney development that form from intermediate mesoderm?

A

Pronephros (Proximal) Early
Mesonephros (Medial) Middle
Metanephros (Distal) Late

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8
Q

When will the pronephros form ?

A

First of the structures to form (3-4 weeks)

Will eventually regress

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9
Q

When does the Mesonephros form ?

A

4-8 weeks

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10
Q

When will the metanephros form ?

A

5 weeks

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11
Q

The mesonephros functions as the kidney for a short while, creating embryonic urine. Where do the excretory tubules from this structure empty into ?

A

Wolfmann’s Duct (Mesonephric duct). This structure will eventually empty in to the Cloaca.

Later in development the Ureteric bud will come off of this structure.

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12
Q

The distal end of the tubules from the mesonephros will form what structure ?

A

Bowmens capsule (it will become associated with capillary beds to achieve this )

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13
Q

Due to the mesonephros’ ability to create urine it damage to it can contribute to pathologic disease. Define oligohydraminos ?

A

Too little amniotic fluid
Often associated with renal developmental defects that lead to decreased urine production (fetal urine is a constituent of amniotic fluid)

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14
Q

Define polyhydraminos ?

A

Too much amniotic fluid.

Often associated with ‘drinking’ deficiencies in the fetus like esophageal atresia

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15
Q

What is the structure called that is a part of the mesonephros and will lead to the development of the gonad ?

A

Urogenital Ridge (medial side of the mesonephros)

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16
Q

What occurs to the mesonephric duct in females ?

A

Nothing very significants , degenerates

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17
Q

What might occur if there is improper development/degeneration of the mesonephric duct in females ?

A

Gardners Cyst (fluid filled cysts in the bladder or vagina)

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18
Q

What occurs to the mesonephric duct in males ?

A

Becomes the part of the male reproductive tract (Ductus deferens, maybe more ?)

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19
Q

What important structure come of of the mesonephric duct to help form the kidney in conjunction with the metanephric mesoderm ?

A

The Ureteric Bud

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20
Q

What does the ureteric bud form in the kidney ?

A

Invades the metanephric mesoderm

Forms kidney tubules, collecting ducts ant ureters. (dilates and forms the primitive renal pelvis, calyces and the collecting tubules.)

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21
Q

What does the metanephros (metanephric blastema) give rise to ?

A

THE NEPHRONS ! (The invasion of the ureteric bud cause the metanephros to differentiate)

Bowmans
Proximal Tubule
LOH
Distal tubule

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22
Q

What do the glomeruli arise from ?

A

Mesenchyme (vascular mesoderm)

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23
Q

How does the kidney rotate as it Ascends from the pelvis into the abdomen ?

A

Rotates interiorly so that the renal pelvis is medial

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24
Q

What occurs to the lobules as the kidney matures ?

A

They smooth out

25
Q

what is the cloaca

A

common opening for feces and urine (female Reproductive as well)

26
Q

what is the allantois ?

A

growth off of the endoderm, stalk derived from the cloaca

27
Q

where does the urinary bladder form from

A

The Allantois

28
Q

What does the allantois become once the mature GU system forms ?

A

Median umbilical ligaments.

29
Q

What ind of tissue forms the trigone ?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

It is surrounded by endoderm however.

30
Q

What kind of tossed does the urethra form from ?

A

The bladder endoderm

In males the terminal part [within the glans] develops from Ectoderm

31
Q

Again, what kind of tissue form the Ureters ?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

32
Q

What abnormality can lead to the constriction of the ureter by an anatomical structure ?

A

Accessory Renal Artery (due to the change in blood supply as the kidney ascend from the pelvis to the abdomen.

seen in 25% of patients, leads to hydronephrosis

33
Q

Can you ligate an accessory renal artery ?

A

no, the blood supply from these arteries is essential to kidney perfusion

34
Q

What is a supernumerary kidney and how is it formed ?

A

an accessory kidney formed due to two ureteric buds coming off of the mesonephric duct leading to invasion of metanephric mesoderm in two places and thus extra kidney formation.

35
Q

Which kidney is more likely to be absent in renal a genesis ?

A

The left

More prevalent in males and fetus with single umbilical artery.

36
Q

What fluid disorder will likely be seen with renal a genesis in the fetus ?

A

Oligohydraminos (not making urine)

37
Q

Why might a fetus with bilateral renal agenesis still survive until birth ?

A

The placenta regulates the electrolytes for the fetus

38
Q

What is the most likely place to see an ectopic kidney ? What causes this ?

A

In the pelvis

Blockage of the ascent due to the persistence of the umbilical artery.

39
Q

Why does renal agenesis typically occur ?

A

Failure of the ureteric bud to invade the metanephric mesoderm

40
Q

Where do ectopic kidneys typically receive their blood from ?

A

Distal aorta, iliac and femoral arteries.

41
Q

Describe the movement of a ‘fused kidney’

A

Kidneys become fused together, one migrates to its correct side bringing the other with it

42
Q

Describe crossed renal ectopia

A

Both kidneys migrate to the same side but are separate kidneys, unlike in fused kidney movement

43
Q

What structure blocks the ascent of a horseshoe kidney ? Will you see symptoms

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

NOPE usually not.

44
Q

What is the cause of a bifid ureter ?

A

Ureteric bud divided prematurely

45
Q

Is Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] unilateral or bilateral ?

A

BILATERAL

46
Q

What genes are implicated in the formation of Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?

A

PKD1 and PKD2

47
Q

Are normal nephrons seen in Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?

A

Surprisingly, YES !

48
Q

How do most people die from Autosomal-dominant [ADULT] polycystic kidney [ADPKD] ?

A

15% die from brain aneurysm

25% from associated mitral valve/heart issues.

49
Q

What is the major gene associated with Autosomal-recessive [Childhood] polycystic kidney disease [ARPCKD ?

A

PKHD1

50
Q

What is the hallmark of Autosomal-recessive [Childhood] polycystic kidney disease [ARPCKD

A

Dilation of ALL the collecting tubules in the kidney !

51
Q

How would you characterize the cysts seen in both AD and AR PCKD ?

A

the cysts that are characteristic in both disease are widely dilated nephron loops

52
Q

Are the cysts more prevalent in ADPCKD or ARPCKD ?

A

ADPCKD

53
Q

What is associated with exstrophy of the bladder ?

A

Ventral body wall defect

54
Q

What might you see in conjunction with an extrophic bladder ?

A

epispadius and wide separation of the pubic bones

55
Q

What is the main reason for urachal Fistula formation ?

A

The allantois does not regress properly, there is an abnormal communication of the bladder to the outside via the anterior abdominal wall

56
Q

What is the difference between a Urachal Fistula and a Viteline fistula ?

A

Urachal will leak urine, Viteline will leak gastric/fecal contents.

57
Q

What is the difference between a urachal fistula and a urachal cyst ?

A

Fistula: canal to the outside body stays open

Cyst: The canal to the outside is closed but the allantois still has areas that did not regress entirely allowing for fluid build up

58
Q

Where will you typically see a urachal cyst ?

A

SUperiorly (anteriorly also ?) to the bladder.

Renal 2 (10 decks)

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