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SUGER > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the genital ridge develop from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

Genital ridges

A

Ridge of mesenchyme and epithelium

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3
Q

Role of primordial germ cells (PGCs)

A

Migrate to genital ridges in 6th week
Crucial for gonadal development
Primitive sex cords form

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4
Q

When do primordial germ cells migrate to the genital ridges

A

6th week

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5
Q

Primitive sex cords - males

A

Form the testis cords

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6
Q

What are testis cords composed of

A

Sertoli cells
Germ cells
Leydig cells

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7
Q

Origin of Sertoli cells

A

Epithelial

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8
Q

Origin of leydig cells

A

Mesenchymal

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9
Q

Leydig cells

A

Between the cords
Produce testosterone from 8/40

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10
Q

Primitive sex cords- females

A

Primitive sex cords regress
Cortical cords develop

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11
Q

Cortical cords

A

Females
Divide into groups of cells that surround germ cells

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12
Q

What composes the primordial follicle

A

Germ cells and surrounding cells

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13
Q

When is sex determined

A

Fertilisation

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14
Q

When is the gonad identical until

A

7th week of development

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15
Q

2 pairs of ducts in indifferent gonad

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian)
Paramesonephric (Mullerian)

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16
Q

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

A

Female

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17
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

A

Male

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18
Q

What causes male differentiation

A

SRY
Anti-Mullerian hormone
Testosterone

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19
Q

Function of SRY

A

Development of testes

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20
Q

Function of anti-Mullerian hormone

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct regress

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21
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Male differentiation
Stabilisation of Wolffian ducts

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22
Q

Female differentiation

A

Absence of SRY
WNT4
Oestrogen

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23
Q

WNT4 function

A

Required for ovarian development

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24
Q

Function of oestrogen

A

Female differentiation
Paramesonephric ducts develop

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25
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts structure
Opens into the abdominal cavity at its rostral end Caudal ends meet in the midline Project into the urogenital sinus
26
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts open into
Open into the urogenital sinus
27
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts develop under influence of
Testosterone
28
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and testosterone
Form the vas deferens Distal end opens into urogenital sinus, is absorbed into the bladder wall so ureter and duct enter separately
29
What forms the ejaculatory duct
Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts opens into part that will become prostatic urethra
30
What develops around the ejaculatory ducts
Prostate
31
What do the seminal vesicles develop from
Vas deferens
32
What cells produce anti-Mullerian hormone
Sertoli cells
33
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts develop until the influence of
Oestrogen
34
Upper 1/3 of vagina formed from
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
35
Upper parts of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form
Uterine tubes
36
Caudal parts of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
Fuse with each other Form: uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 vagina
37
What forms the upper 1/3 of the vagina
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
38
What forms the lower 2/3 of the vagina
Urogenital sinus
39
Atresia
Absence of lower vagina results if the sinovaginal bulbs don’t develop
40
What develops between the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts and urogenital sinus
Growth of sinovaginal bulbs Lumen develops
41
Uterine abnormalities- duplication (didelphys)
Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts don’t fuse
42
Uterine abnormalities- bicornuate
Partial fusion of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
43
Uterine abnormalities- unicornuate
One of the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts doesn’t develop
44
Uterine abnormalities- septate
Uterine septum doesn’t regress
45
Female external genitalia
Influence of oestrogen: Genital tubercle = clitoris Urethral folds = labia minora Urethral groove = vestibule Genital swellings = labia majora
46
What is the genital tubercle in females
Clitoris
47
What are the urethral folds in females
Labia minora
48
What is the urethral groove in females
Vestibule
49
What are the genital swellings in females
Labia majora
50
What influences the female external genitalia
Oestrogen
51
What influences the male external genitalia
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
52
What are the genital tubercle in males
Elongates to form penis
53
What are the urethral folds in males
Fuse to form penile urethra
54
What are the genital swellings in males
Scrotum
55
Hypospadias
Urethral folds do not fuse properly in males Urethral openings in the ventral surface of the oenis
56
Epispadis
Urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis Rare
57
Ambiguous/ atypical genitalia
External genitalia aren’t clearly or typically male or female Development may be characteristically male or female but with anomalies E.g. female with large clitoris male with small penis Or infant may have features of both sexes Arise due to conditions called Differences of Sex Development (DSDs)
58
Differences of sex development
Broad group of rare conditions – overall about 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 3,000 births
59
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Excess androgens in 46 XX individuals Ambiguous genitalia: large clitoris, fusion of urethral folds depending on androgens
60
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
46 XY individual - androgen receptor deficiency, tissues don’t respond to androgens Testes produce anti-Mullerian hormone > paramesonephric ducts regress (uterus does not develop) Partial AIS = testosterone has some effect on development. Ambiguous genitalia > apparent at birth > genetic sex determined Complete AIS = no testosterone. Genitalia appear female > may be undiagnosed until puberty (amenorrhea)
61
Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome
testosterone has some effect on development. Ambiguous genitalia > apparent at birth > genetic sex determined
62
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
no testosterone. Genitalia appear female > may be undiagnosed until puberty (amenorrhea)
63
What hormones are important for ovarian development
Absence of SRY WNT4 Oestrogen
64
Paramesonephric (Wolffian) ducts in females form
Uterus Uterine tubes Upper 1/3 vagina
65
Key hormones involved in male development
SRY Anti-Mullerian hormone Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone
66
What does the intermediate mesoderm for,
A ridge of tissue in posterior abdominal wall Both renal and genital systems develop from it
67
When do pronephros develop
Week 4
68
When do mesonephros develop
Week 4
69
When do metanephros develop
Week 5
70
When do pronephros disappear
Week 5
71
When do metanephros start to function
Week 12
72
Function of pronephros
Non-functional Rudimentary
73
Function of mesonephros
Part of it persists in males
74
Function of metanephros
Definitive kidney
75
Mesonephros
Excretory tubules develop with a group of capillaries Glomerulus - Bowman’s capsule Collecting duct called mesonephric duct forms Gonad starts to devleop
76
Fate of mesonephros in females
Tubules and mesonephric duct degenerates
77
Fate of the mesonephros in males
Mesonephric duct = vas deferens Tubules = ducts of testis
78
Where do the metanephros develop
Pelvic region
79
What does ten collecting system develop from
Ureteric bud
80
What does the ureteric bud grow out of
Mesonephric duct
81
What covers the ureteric bud
Covered over by a cap of metanephric tissue
82
What forms the renal pelvis
Ureteric bud grows into metanephric tissue cap
83
What forms the major calyces
Ureteric bud splits in 2 parts
84
What forms the ureter, renal pelvis , major and minor calyces and collecting tubules
Continued subdivisions and formation of tubules from the ureteric bud
85
What does the excretory system develop from
Metanephric cap
86
What promotes the development of the excretory system
Developing collecting tubules
87
What forms the renal vesicles
Metanephric tissue
88
Fate of renal vesicles
Become tubular and capillaries develop = glomerulus Forms nephrons
89
What does the ureteric bud form
Ureter Renal pelvis Major and minor calyces Collecting tubules
90
What does the metanephric tissue form
Nephrons
91
What happens to urine formed by the fetus
Excreted into the amniotic fluid
92
Ascent of the fetal kidney
Kidney ascends in utero •During ascent, new vessels are derived from more proximal parts of the aorta and lower vessels regress
93
Renal agenesis
Nephrons and collecting ducts don’t develop •Can result if signaling between ureteric bud and metanephric tissue fails •Unilateral or bilateral – bilateral is rare but incompatible with life •Seen in many genetic conditions
94
Horseshoe kidney
1/600 •Lower poles of the kidneys fuse •Ascent obstructed by the IMA •Usually asymptomatic and found incidentally
95
Pancake kidney
Fusion of upper and lower poles of kidney
96
Cloaca
Common cavity for urogenital system and the gut
97
What divides the cloaca
Urorectal septum
98
How is the cloaca divided
Urogenital sinus Anal canal
99
What does the upper part of the urogenital sinus give rise to
Bladder
100
What does the middle/pelvic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to
Part of the male urethra
101
What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to
Develops differently in males and females
102
Exstrophy of the bladder
Rare •Failure of anterior abdominal wall to close •Bladder is exposed
103
Mesonephric duct in females
Regressed
104
Development of ureter
Develops from the ureteric bud •Ureter directly enters the bladder after the distal part of the mesonephric duct merges into the bladder wall.
105
Double ureter
Ureteric bud splits early in development
106
Ectopic ureter
Development of 2 ureteric buds One enters bladder Other enters bladder, urethra, vagina or epididymal region
107
What do the kidney and genital systems develop from
Intermediate mesoderm
108
Number of kidney systems that develop
3 overlapping systems
109
Where does the fetal kidney ascend from
Pelvis to abdomen
110
What 2 structures depend on each other for normal development
Ureteric bud and metanephric tissue
111
When have the testes differentiated by
Week 9
112
When are the ovaries present
11-12 weeks
113
What do Sertoli cells secrete
Anti-mullerian hormone
114
Common genital tubercle
Week 8 Lateral urethral folds Labioscrotal swellings
115
What does the common genital tubercle become in men
Glans penis
116
What does the common genital tubercle become in women
Clitoris
117
What do the urethral folds become
Corpus spongiosum
118
What is required for the development of male external genitalia
Dihydrotestosterone
119
What does the labioscrotal folds fuse to become in men
Scrotum and ventral penis
120
What does the labioscrotal folds fuse to become in women
Labia majora

SUGER (17 decks)

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