Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SUGER > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the genital ridge develop from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Genital ridges

A

Ridge of mesenchyme and epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Role of primordial germ cells (PGCs)

A

Migrate to genital ridges in 6th week
Crucial for gonadal development
Primitive sex cords form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When do primordial germ cells migrate to the genital ridges

A

6th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primitive sex cords - males

A

Form the testis cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are testis cords composed of

A

Sertoli cells
Germ cells
Leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Origin of Sertoli cells

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Origin of leydig cells

A

Mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Leydig cells

A

Between the cords
Produce testosterone from 8/40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Primitive sex cords- females

A

Primitive sex cords regress
Cortical cords develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cortical cords

A

Females
Divide into groups of cells that surround germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What composes the primordial follicle

A

Germ cells and surrounding cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is sex determined

A

Fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is the gonad identical until

A

7th week of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 pairs of ducts in indifferent gonad

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian)
Paramesonephric (Mullerian)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct

A

Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

A

Male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes male differentiation

A

SRY
Anti-Mullerian hormone
Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of SRY

A

Development of testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of anti-Mullerian hormone

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Male differentiation
Stabilisation of Wolffian ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Female differentiation

A

Absence of SRY
WNT4
Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WNT4 function

A

Required for ovarian development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of oestrogen

A

Female differentiation
Paramesonephric ducts develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts structure

A

Opens into the abdominal cavity at its rostral end
Caudal ends meet in the midline
Project into the urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts open into

A

Open into the urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts develop under influence of

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts and testosterone

A

Form the vas deferens
Distal end opens into urogenital sinus, is absorbed into the bladder wall so ureter and duct enter separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts opens into part that will become prostatic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What develops around the ejaculatory ducts

A

Prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What do the seminal vesicles develop from

A

Vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What cells produce anti-Mullerian hormone

A

Sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts develop until the influence of

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Upper 1/3 of vagina formed from

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Upper parts of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts form

A

Uterine tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Caudal parts of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

A

Fuse with each other
Form: uterus, cervix, upper 1/3 vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What forms the upper 1/3 of the vagina

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What forms the lower 2/3 of the vagina

A

Urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Atresia

A

Absence of lower vagina results if the sinovaginal bulbs don’t develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What develops between the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts and urogenital sinus

A

Growth of sinovaginal bulbs
Lumen develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Uterine abnormalities- duplication (didelphys)

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts don’t fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Uterine abnormalities- bicornuate

A

Partial fusion of Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Uterine abnormalities- unicornuate

A

One of the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts doesn’t develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Uterine abnormalities- septate

A

Uterine septum doesn’t regress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Female external genitalia

A

Influence of oestrogen:

Genital tubercle = clitoris
Urethral folds = labia minora
Urethral groove = vestibule
Genital swellings = labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the genital tubercle in females

A

Clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the urethral folds in females

A

Labia minora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the urethral groove in females

A

Vestibule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the genital swellings in females

A

Labia majora

50
Q

What influences the female external genitalia

A

Oestrogen

51
Q

What influences the male external genitalia

A

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

52
Q

What are the genital tubercle in males

A

Elongates to form penis

53
Q

What are the urethral folds in males

A

Fuse to form penile urethra

54
Q

What are the genital swellings in males

A

Scrotum

55
Q

Hypospadias

A

Urethral folds do not fuse properly in males
Urethral openings in the ventral surface of the oenis

56
Q

Epispadis

A

Urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis
Rare

57
Q

Ambiguous/ atypical genitalia

A

External genitalia aren’t clearly or typically male or female
Development may be characteristically male or female but with anomalies
E.g. female with large clitoris
male with small penis
Or infant may have features of both sexes

Arise due to conditions called Differences of Sex Development (DSDs)

58
Q

Differences of sex development

A

Broad group of rare conditions – overall about 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 3,000 births

59
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

Excess androgens in 46 XX individuals
Ambiguous genitalia: large clitoris, fusion of urethral folds depending on androgens

60
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

46 XY individual - androgen receptor deficiency, tissues don’t respond to androgens
Testes produce anti-Mullerian hormone > paramesonephric ducts regress (uterus does not develop)

Partial AIS = testosterone has some effect on development. Ambiguous genitalia > apparent at birth > genetic sex determined

Complete AIS = no testosterone. Genitalia appear female > may be undiagnosed until puberty (amenorrhea)

61
Q

Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

testosterone has some effect on development. Ambiguous genitalia > apparent at birth > genetic sex determined

62
Q

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

no testosterone. Genitalia appear female > may be undiagnosed until puberty (amenorrhea)

63
Q

What hormones are important for ovarian development

A

Absence of SRY
WNT4
Oestrogen

64
Q

Paramesonephric (Wolffian) ducts in females form

A

Uterus
Uterine tubes
Upper 1/3 vagina

65
Q

Key hormones involved in male development

A

SRY
Anti-Mullerian hormone
Testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone

66
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm for,

A

A ridge of tissue in posterior abdominal wall
Both renal and genital systems develop from it

67
Q

When do pronephros develop

A

Week 4

68
Q

When do mesonephros develop

A

Week 4

69
Q

When do metanephros develop

A

Week 5

70
Q

When do pronephros disappear

A

Week 5

71
Q

When do metanephros start to function

A

Week 12

72
Q

Function of pronephros

A

Non-functional
Rudimentary

73
Q

Function of mesonephros

A

Part of it persists in males

74
Q

Function of metanephros

A

Definitive kidney

75
Q

Mesonephros

A

Excretory tubules develop with a group of capillaries
Glomerulus - Bowman’s capsule

Collecting duct called mesonephric duct forms

Gonad starts to devleop

76
Q

Fate of mesonephros in females

A

Tubules and mesonephric duct degenerates

77
Q

Fate of the mesonephros in males

A

Mesonephric duct = vas deferens
Tubules = ducts of testis

78
Q

Where do the metanephros develop

A

Pelvic region

79
Q

What does ten collecting system develop from

A

Ureteric bud

80
Q

What does the ureteric bud grow out of

A

Mesonephric duct

81
Q

What covers the ureteric bud

A

Covered over by a cap of metanephric tissue

82
Q

What forms the renal pelvis

A

Ureteric bud grows into metanephric tissue cap

83
Q

What forms the major calyces

A

Ureteric bud splits in 2 parts

84
Q

What forms the ureter, renal pelvis , major and minor calyces and collecting tubules

A

Continued subdivisions and formation of tubules from the ureteric bud

85
Q

What does the excretory system develop from

A

Metanephric cap

86
Q

What promotes the development of the excretory system

A

Developing collecting tubules

87
Q

What forms the renal vesicles

A

Metanephric tissue

88
Q

Fate of renal vesicles

A

Become tubular and capillaries develop = glomerulus
Forms nephrons

89
Q

What does the ureteric bud form

A

Ureter
Renal pelvis
Major and minor calyces
Collecting tubules

90
Q

What does the metanephric tissue form

A

Nephrons

91
Q

What happens to urine formed by the fetus

A

Excreted into the amniotic fluid

92
Q

Ascent of the fetal kidney

A

Kidney ascends in utero
•During ascent, new vessels are derived from more proximal parts of the aorta and lower vessels regress

93
Q

Renal agenesis

A

Nephrons and collecting ducts don’t develop
•Can result if signaling between ureteric bud and metanephric tissue fails
•Unilateral or bilateral – bilateral is rare but incompatible with life
•Seen in many genetic conditions

94
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

1/600
•Lower poles of the kidneys fuse
•Ascent obstructed by the IMA
•Usually asymptomatic and found incidentally

95
Q

Pancake kidney

A

Fusion of upper and lower poles of kidney

96
Q

Cloaca

A

Common cavity for urogenital system and the gut

97
Q

What divides the cloaca

A

Urorectal septum

98
Q

How is the cloaca divided

A

Urogenital sinus
Anal canal

99
Q

What does the upper part of the urogenital sinus give rise to

A

Bladder

100
Q

What does the middle/pelvic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to

A

Part of the male urethra

101
Q

What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to

A

Develops differently in males and females

102
Q

Exstrophy of the bladder

A

Rare
•Failure of anterior abdominal wall to close
•Bladder is exposed

103
Q

Mesonephric duct in females

A

Regressed

104
Q

Development of ureter

A

Develops from the ureteric bud
•Ureter directly enters the bladder after the distal part of the mesonephric duct merges into the bladder wall.

105
Q

Double ureter

A

Ureteric bud splits early in development

106
Q

Ectopic ureter

A

Development of 2 ureteric buds
One enters bladder
Other enters bladder, urethra, vagina or epididymal region

107
Q

What do the kidney and genital systems develop from

A

Intermediate mesoderm

108
Q

Number of kidney systems that develop

A

3 overlapping systems

109
Q

Where does the fetal kidney ascend from

A

Pelvis to abdomen

110
Q

What 2 structures depend on each other for normal development

A

Ureteric bud and metanephric tissue

111
Q

When have the testes differentiated by

A

Week 9

112
Q

When are the ovaries present

A

11-12 weeks

113
Q

What do Sertoli cells secrete

A

Anti-mullerian hormone

114
Q

Common genital tubercle

A

Week 8
Lateral urethral folds
Labioscrotal swellings

115
Q

What does the common genital tubercle become in men

A

Glans penis

116
Q

What does the common genital tubercle become in women

A

Clitoris

117
Q

What do the urethral folds become

A

Corpus spongiosum

118
Q

What is required for the development of male external genitalia

A

Dihydrotestosterone

119
Q

What does the labioscrotal folds fuse to become in men

A

Scrotum and ventral penis

120
Q

What does the labioscrotal folds fuse to become in women

A

Labia majora

SUGER (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions