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Nerves and Embyology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Two germ layer stage

A

Inner cell mass splits into epiblast, hypoblast

Epiblast folds, becomes amniotic cavity

Bilaminar disc

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2
Q

Function of the hypoblast

A

Supports embryo

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3
Q

Function of the epiblast

A

Becomes embryo

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4
Q

What occurs during gastrulation?

A

Primitive streak forms

Primitive streak invaginates to form primitive groove

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5
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Line of thickened cells on the upper surface of bilaminar disc

Becomes primitive groove

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6
Q

Function of primitive groove

A

Epiblast cells migrate through it, form germ layers

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7
Q

What do the first cells to migrate through primitive groove become?

A

Endoderm

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8
Q

What do the second cells to migrate through primitive groove become?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What do the cells that don’t migrate through the primitive groove become?

A

Ectoderm

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10
Q

What determines what different germ cells differentiate into?

A

Where they migrated through the primitive groove

When they migrated through the primitive groove

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11
Q

What is the coelom?

A

Hollow space around viscera

Lined with mesoderm

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12
Q

How is the coelom formed?
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Lateral mesoderm splits into splanchnic, somatic mesoderm
2) Yolk sac ‘purse strings’ from embryo
3) Coelom forms between splanchnic and somatic mesooderm

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13
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Skin, nervous system

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14
Q

Neural tube formation
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Notochord induces overlying ectoderm to form neural plate
2) Neural plate folds to become neural groove
3) Neural groove folds to form neural tube

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15
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

PNS

Some non-neural structures (face)

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16
Q

Neural crest formation

A

Cells overlying neural tube are induced to form neural crest

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17
Q

What forms the brain?

A

Rostral end of neural tube (hox-gene mediated)

Forms vesicles

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18
Q

CNS formation

A

Rostral neural tube forms vesicles. Vesicles become brain

Unvesiculated neural tube becomes spinal cord

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19
Q 
What are the divisions of the mesoderm?
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Paraxial mesoderm
2) Intermediate mesoderm
3) Lateral mesoderm
4) Extraembryonic

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20
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

A

Dermis
Axial skeleton
Axial muscles
Limb muscles

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21
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm form?

A

Urogenital tract

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22
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm form?

A 
Ventrolateral body wall
Visceral pleura 
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Blood vessels
Blood-forming tissue
Heart 
Wall of gut
Respiratory tissues
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23
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm form?

A

Life-support structures

24
Q

Which part of the mesoderm swells to form somites?

A

Paraxial

25
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm swell to form?

A

Somites

26
Q 
Somite formation
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Paraxial mesoderm swells to form somitomeres along its axis
2) Once 20 somitomeres present, 8th somitomere becomes a somite
3) Somitomeres become independent somites from 8th caudally
4) Somitomeres 1-7 never become separate, become head

27
Q

Somite development

A

Somites split into:

1) Sclerotome and dermomyotome
2) Dermomyotome splits into dermatome, myotome

28
Q

What does the sclerotome form?

A

Skeleton, except skull

29
Q

What does the myotome become?

A

Trunk muscles

30
Q

What does the dermotome become?

A

Dermis of skin

Supports epithelium, formed by ectoderm

31
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

All derivatives are epithelial tissues

Line mesoderm structures to form organs

32
Q

Neural crest non-neural derivatives

A

Melanocytes
Schwann cells
Bone, muscle, cartilage of jaw
Dentine

33
Q

Mouth, anus development

A

1) Under three weeks - Proctodeum, stomadeum
2) Three weeks - Oral plate breaks, oral cavity formed
3) Six weeks - Hind gut and allantois join to form cloaca. No distinction between anus and genitals
4) Eight weeks - Urorectal septum divides rectum form urogenital tract

34
Q

What are the proctodeum and stomadeum?

A

Anus, mouth pits.

Under three weeks of development

35
Q

What is the oral plate?

A

Separates stomadeum and foregut.

Breaks at three weeks of development

36
Q

Which germ layers form cloacal membrane?

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

37
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Branch of the hind gut
LIes in the body stalk
Becomes bladder and urethra
Stores nitrogenous waste in some animals. Vestigial in humans

38
Q

Which germ layer is the urorectal septum derived from?

A

Mesoderm

39
Q

Which germ layer forms the urogenital system?

A

Intermediate mesoderm (apart from bladder and urethra)

40
Q

How does the bladder form?

A

Around nine weeks of development.

Allantois swells

41
Q

What are the three stages of kidney development?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephric duct
Metanephros

42
Q 
Kidney development
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Pronephros forms nephrosomes, pronephric duct.
2) Nephrosomes degenerate. Pronephric duct becomes mesonephric duct
3) Mesonephric duct radiates mesonephric tubules.
Mesonephric tubules degenerate.
4) Mesonephric duct induces formation of metanephros
5) Ureters bud from mesonephros at the bladder. Kidneys form form the metanephros inferiorly, migrate superiorly
6) Mesonephric duct joins gonads, becomes vas deferens in males

43
Q

Mullerian duct

A

Paramesonephric duct

Becomes Fallopian tubes, uterus in females
Degenerates in males

44
Q

How do viscera form?

A

Outpocketings of endoderm interact with mesoderm

45
Q

Which viscera form as outpocketings of the endoderm?

A

Trachaea, lungs, liver pancreas

46
Q

What happens to the heart at day 20 of development?

A

Bilateral endocardial cells fuse in coelom formation

47
Q

Which germ layer forms the myocardium, endocardium, pericardium?

A

Mesoderm

48
Q

Which parts of the heart are mesodermally-derived?

A

Myocardium, pericardium, endocardium

49
Q

How does the aortic arch develop?

A

1) Initially a symmetrical, segmented structure that resembles gills
2) Vessels selectively lost

50
Q

GIT formation

A

1) At one month, foregut and hindgut, midgut connected to the yolk sac
2) Gut twists in midgut around axis of yolk stalk, superior mesenteric artery
3) Gut continues to grow, gives shape of intestines (large surrounding small)
4) Week six/seven - Gut grows too large for body. Herniates into body stalk
5) Week nine - Body cavity larger, gut retracts back

51
Q

At which week of development does the gut herniate into the body stalk?

A

Week six/seven

52
Q

At which week of development does the gut retract back into the body cavity?

A

Week nine

53
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Gut fails to retract into body cavity in week nine

54
Q

What is umbilical hernia?

A

Gut retracts back into body cavity, but no sealing of abdominal wall

55
Q

What is it called when the gut retracts back into the body cavity, but the abdominal wall doesn’t seal?

A

Umbilical hernia

Nerves and Embyology (2 decks)

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