Embryology Flashcards
What are the 3 germ layers and their derivatives?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm.
Ectoderm: Nervous System, Skin
Mesoderm: Muscle, connective tissue (blood), most organs
Endoderm: Linings of respiratory, GI, urinary tracts
What’s the relative timing of the cranial and caudal ends of the embryo?
Cranial cells develop first, before caudal. Epiblast ingresses through primitive streak during gastrulation in 3rd week of development.
What is a teratoma? Sacroccygeal teratoma?
A tumor composed of tissues from multiple germ layers. If the primitive streak persists due to gastrulation error, can result in a sacrococcygeal teratoma, the most common tumor in newborns.
What tissues become buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes? What is their location in the trilaminar embryo?
Buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes are the only two places where ectoderm and endoderm are directly apposed.
What is the prechordal plate and how is it different than the notochord?
Prechordal plate: derived from primitive node, caudal to buccopharyngeal membrane.
Notochord: solid rod from primitive node cells. Signals to neural crest cells in neurulation.
What are the three mesoderm populations and what do they become?
Paraxial: Somites–Dermis, skeletal muscle, skeleton
Intermediate: Genitourinary
Lateral: Somatic (contacts ectoderm) and splanchnic (contacts endoderm)
What occurs during neurulation?
Neural tissue differentiates due to notochord signaling. Ectoderm cells form neural plate, which folds and becomes neural tube.
What is the neural crest and what does it become?
Neural crest cells form as neural tube folds fuse–They dissociate and migrate away becoming PNS, glia, melanocytes, adrenam medulla, connective tissue of face, pharyngeal arches
What is Hirschsprung disease?
Aganglionic megacolon–neural crest cell failure leaves no innervation of distal colon, leading to clogging.
What is amniotic fluid? What is poly/oligohydraminios.
Mom’s water and baby’s urine. 1 L at term. cushions fetus, provides some nutrients/salts/hormones too. Too much (poly) or too little (oligo) can cause birth defects: Potter facies (face flattening) or esophagus/kidney problems
What mesodermal cell population gives rise to the heart? Where is it? How does the heart get to its final location?
Precardiac Mesoderm cranial to buccopharyngeal membrane. Head-fold causes cranial region to fold ventrally.
What cells make the pharyngeal arches? What two syndromes result from a defect in this process?
Neural crest cells that migrate to surround foregut. 6 arches form, but 5th degenerates. Impaired migration leads to Treacher Collins/DiGeorge syndromes.
What 3 veins bring blood to the peripheral heart tube?
Umbilical vein (oxygenated) from placenta Vitelline vein (deoxy) from yolk sac Cardinal vein (deoxy) from embryo body
How does embryonic blood flow travel?
Blood exits heart at cranial end, passes dorsally through pharyngeal arches (aortic arch arteries), then paired dorsal aortae, umbilical arteries, placenta.
What tissues/organs produce RBCs during embryo/fetal stage? What’s the timing?
1) Blood Islands in extra-embryonic mesoderm of yolk sack
2) 4 wk mesoderm of dorsal aortae
3) 6-8 wk Liver (till ~birth)
4) 12 wk Spleen
5) Month 4 Bone Marrow (primary after 6 mo)
