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Cardiac Embryo > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the cardiac precursor cells come from and where do the migrate to?

A

From epiblast and migrate to the splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What other two types of cells contribute to the formation of the heart?

A

Coeloemic epithelium - myocardium + conducting system

Neural crest - septa, media of great vessels

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3
Q

How does the cardiogenic field form?

A

Blood islands are forming nearby and eventually the cardiac cells surround the blood islands, forming a horseshoe shaped tube.

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4
Q

By what day are 2 laterally situated tubes present?

A

Day 19

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5
Q

The breakdown of dorsal mesentery leads to the formation of what structure?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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6
Q

Once the horse-shoe shape tube fuses, the heart consists of myocardium and endocardium. What two layers will now develop?

A

Myocardium + cardiac jelly

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7
Q

What cells migrate and give rise to the epicardium?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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8
Q

What are the distinct regions of the fused cardiac tube?

A

Bulbis cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus

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9
Q

What does the truncus arteriorsus (distal 1/3 of bulbus) go on to form?

A

The roots of the great vessels

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10
Q

What is the role of the conus cordis (middle 1/3 of bulbus)?

A

The outflow of the ventricles

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11
Q

What is the proximal part of the bulbis cordis?

A

The trabeculated portion of the RIGHT ventricle

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12
Q

At what week is the cardiac loop fully formed?

A

Week 4

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13
Q

How does the bulbis cordis move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Anteriorly, inferiorly, to the right

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14
Q

How does the ventricle move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Anteriorly, inferiorly, to the left

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15
Q

How does the atrium move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Posteriorly and superiorly

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16
Q

From which 3 veins does the sinus venosus receive blood?

A

Vitelline (from yolk sac) , umbilical (from placenta), common cardinal (from embryo)

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17
Q

What is the big event that occurs during week 5?

A

There is a great venous shift to the RIGHT

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18
Q

Which veins are obliterated during this process?

A

Right umbilical, left vitelline, and later the left common cardinal

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19
Q

What structures remain after the venous shift to the right?

A

The oblique vein of the L. Atrium + coronary sinus

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20
Q

During this time the right sinus horn enlarges and is incorporated into the right atrium. Which two valve form during this process?

A

The valve of the IVC and the valve of the coronary sinus

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21
Q

Which two structures are divided by the crista terminalis?

A

The trabeculated part of the R. atrium + sinus venarum

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22
Q

What structures form from neural crest cells in the bulbis cordis that eventually go on to partition the truncus?

A

Endocardial cushions

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23
Q

Which endocardial cushions are NOT derived from neural crest cells?

A

Those between the atria and ventricles

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24
Q

When does the septum primum form?

A

Around week 4

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25
Q

What is the gap called that remains in the septum primum?

A

Ostium primum

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26
Q

When the endocardial cushion grow to close the ostium primum, perforations in the upper part of the ostium primum appear. What is this called?

A

Ostium secondum

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27
Q

A second fold appears in front of the septum primum (closer to the right atrium), this septum (septum secundum) covers the hole in septum primum but also has a deficit. What is the deficit called?

A

Foramen ovale

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28
Q

Why is the foramen ovale important?

A

The oval foramen allows blood to pass from the right atrium into the left atrium and bypass the right ventricle (this in turn bypasses the pulmonary trunk and the lungs).

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29
Q

After birth when the lungs begin to function, the oval foramen closes (by fusion of septum primum and secundum). This is known as the ________ ______.

A

Fossa ovale

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30
Q

What % of foramen ovale fail to close but do not shunt blood? What is this called?

A

10-20%; this is a probe patency

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31
Q

The ventricles are able to communicate with each other via the ________ up until the ______ week.

A

AV canal, 5th

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32
Q

What type of tissue forms the AV valve?

A

Mesenchyme, derived from the myocardium

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33
Q

What structure forms most of the R. ventricle?

A

Bulbus cordis

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34
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus form in the right and left ventricles respectively?

A

R: Infundibulum + Conus arteriosus

L: Aortic vestibule

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35
Q

What cells are involved in the development of the semilunar valve?

A

Neural crest cells

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36
Q

What day does the heart begin to beat?

A

Day 22

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37
Q

On what day are parts of the conducting system present?

A

Day 25

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38
Q

When does autonomic innervation arrive to the heart?

A

Day 30

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39
Q

What defects can occur with ASD?

A 
Persistant ostium secondum
Common atrium
Defect in endocardial cushions
Defect involving sinus venosum
Probe patency
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40
Q

What occurs in cor triloculare biventriculare

A

absence of a atrial septum resulting in a three chambered heart

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41
Q

What occurs with premature closure of foramen ovale?

A

hypertrophy of the right atrium and ventricle and hypotrophy of the left chambers; patient typically dies shortly after birth

42
Q

What occurs in transposition of the great vessels?

A

The septum that normally divides the aorta and pulmonary trunk does not form properly

43
Q

What are the syndromes associated with tricuspid valve atresia?

A

Always have patency of the foramen ovale, VSD, underdeveloped right ventricle and hypertrophy of the left ventricle

44
Q

What is an Ebstein anomaly?

A

Improper formation of the tricuspid valve where the valves are partially fused to the ventricular wall; part of the right ventricle becomes “atrialized”; accompanied by tricuspid regurgitation; indicated by cyanosis and heart failure; usually accompanied by a ASD

45
Q

Describe hypoplastic heart syndrome

A

Poorly developed left ventricle; as blood returns from the lungs it must pass through an ASD to the right atrium, into the right ventricle and then through a patent ductus arterious into the systemic circulation; without surgical correction this condition is fatal

46
Q

What are the 4 cardiac defect associated with Tetrology of Fallot?

A
  1. pulmonary stenosis
  2. right ventricular hypertrophy
  3. over-riding (dextroposition of the) aorta – aorta gets blood from the right ventricle
  4. ventricular septal defect
47
Q

TOF is related to a deficiency in what cells?

A

Neural crest

48
Q

What occurs in a Persistant truncus arteriosus?

A
  1. conotruncal ridges do not fuse
  2. accompanied by IV septal defect
  3. the truncus gets blood from both ventricles
49
Q

From what tissue type do arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels derive?

A

Mesodermal cell clusters

50
Q

When do extraembryonic vessels form?

A

from the yolk sac during the third week (blood islands – give rise to vascular endothelium and red blood corpuscles).

51
Q

WHERE do the embryonic vessels form?

A

At the endoderm-mesoderm jxn

52
Q

WHEN do the pharyngeal arches form?

A

4th and 5th weeks

53
Q

Which one is the loser arch that never forms?

A

5th arch

54
Q

What does the first arch form?

A

Maxillary artery

55
Q

What does the second arch form?

A

Hyoid and stapedial arteries

56
Q

What does the third arch form?

A

Common carotids + Internal carotids

57
Q

What does the fourth arch form?

A

Right side : Subclavian a.

Left side: Aortic arch between l. common carotid and l. subclavian

58
Q

What does the sixth arch form on the right?

A

Right pulmonary a

59
Q

What does the sixth arch form on the left?

A

L. pulmonary a. and ductus arteriosus

60
Q

What nerve supplies the 6th arch?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

61
Q

What vessels arise from the abdominal aorta? What do they supply?

A

Vitelline aa.

Supply derivatives of the yolk sac

62
Q

What do the thoracic vitelline arteries supply?

A

Esophagus

63
Q

What do the abdominal vitelline arteries supply?

A

Specific regions of GI tract

64
Q

What does the celiac a. supply?

A

Foregut

65
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric a. supply?

A

Hindgut

66
Q

What does the superior mesenteric a. supply?

A

Midgut

67
Q

What arteries are connected to the lateral side of the aorta?

A

Middle suprarenal, renal, gonadal

68
Q

What do the umbilical arteries initially supply?

A

They are initially paired branches of the dorsal aorta that supply the allantois

69
Q

What happens to the umbilical arteries during the 4th week of development?

A

Vessels shift to the common iliac

70
Q

Umbilical arteries are obliterated after birth. Then what are they called?

A

Medial umbilical ligaments (Anatomy, holla!)

71
Q

What are the four major anomalies seen with the development of the arterial system?

A
  1. PDA
  2. Coarctation of the aorta
  3. Abnormal origin of right subclavian a
  4. Double aortic arch
72
Q

What are the three vein systems that can be seen around Week 5 of development?

A

Vitelline, Umbilical, Cardinal

73
Q

What do the vitelline vv. do?

A

Carry blood from yolk sac to sinus venous

74
Q

What do the umbilical vv. do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo

75
Q

What do the cardinal vv. do?

A

Drain blood from the embryo and deliver it to the right side of the heart

76
Q

How do the hepatic sinusoids develop from the vitelline veins?

A

outgrowths of the GI tract interrupt the course of the veins and results in the formation of hepatic sinusoids

77
Q

What veins arise from the vitelline veins?

A

i. small region of the IVC (see below)
ii. portal vein
iii. ductus venosus
iv. hepatic
v. superior mesenteric
vi. inferior mesenteric
vii. splenic

78
Q

The vitelline veins on the ______ side contribute to the portal system, but loose their direct connections to the ______ _______.

A

Left; sinus venosus

79
Q

A communication forms between the _______ umbilical vein and the _____ vitelline (hepatocardiac) channel, this is called the ______ _______.

A

left; right; ductus venosus

80
Q

The ductus venosus allows bypassing of what structure?

A

Sinusoids of the liver

81
Q

Why is OK to bypass the liver?

A

The blood is super awesome for the fetus bc it is highly oxygenated and it’s also been filtered by the maternal liver

82
Q

The left umbilical vein obliterates to form the _______ __________ ________.

A

Ligamentum teres hepatis

83
Q

The ductus venosum obliterates to form the ______ _______.

A

Ligamentum venosum

84
Q

What do the subcardinal veins drain?

A

Kidneys

85
Q

What do the sacrocardinal veins drain?

A

Lower extremities

86
Q

What do the supracardinal veins drain?

A

Body wall

87
Q

An anastomosis forms between the anterior cardinal veins. What major vein does this form?

A

Brachiocephalic vein

(As a result much of the blood from the head is shunted to the right side before entering the heart; the remaining parts of the left anterior cardinal vein contribute to the coronary sinus and a small left superior intercostal vein that drains the thoracic wall)

88
Q

What forms the SVC?

A

The union of the right common cardinal vein and the proximal part of the right anterior cardinal vein

89
Q

Initially there are two separate subcardinal veins, union of the subcardinal veins forms the ___ ____ vein and much of the remaining left subcardinal disappears, except for the ____ _____ vein.

A

left renal; left gonadal

90
Q

Anastomosis between the _______ veins forms the left common iliac

A

Sacrocardinal veins

91
Q

What vein contributes significantly to the IVC?

A

Right sacrocardinal

92
Q

The _____ ______ veins contribute to the arch of the azygos vein and the ____ superior intercostal vein

A

Posterior cardinal, left

93
Q

The right gonadal vein drains to the ____ and the left gonadal vein drains to the ____ ____ vein.

A

IVC; left renal

94
Q

Why does a double IVC occur?

A

Persistence of left supracardinal vein

95
Q

What week do the lymphatic vessels begin to form ?

A

Week 6

96
Q

What are the lymph sacs that form?

A

a. two jugular lymph sacs – paired sacs located near the inferior aspect of the internal jugular
b. two iliac lymph sacs – form near the junction of the iliac veins
c. one retroperitoneal lymph sac – forms at the root of the mesentery
d. Cisterna chyli – an unpaired sac that forms near the junction of the lumbar lymph trunks

97
Q

What type of cells do the lymph sacs derive from?

A

Stem cells that arise from the yolk sac

98
Q

What occurs in congential lymphedema?

A

Dilation of lymphatic channels or congenital hypoplasia of lymphatic channels

99
Q

What is a cystic hygroma?

A

Large swellings composed of fluid filled cavities; involve jugular lymph sacs that fail to connect lymphatic vessels

100
Q

What is Kaci’s least favorite subject of all time?

A

Physiology with embryology as a VERY close second right now.

Cardiac Embryo (1 decks)

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