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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the cardiac precursor cells come from and where do the migrate to?

A

From epiblast and migrate to the splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

What other two types of cells contribute to the formation of the heart?

A

Coeloemic epithelium - myocardium + conducting system

Neural crest - septa, media of great vessels

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3
Q

How does the cardiogenic field form?

A

Blood islands are forming nearby and eventually the cardiac cells surround the blood islands, forming a horseshoe shaped tube.

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4
Q

By what day are 2 laterally situated tubes present?

A

Day 19

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5
Q

The breakdown of dorsal mesentery leads to the formation of what structure?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

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6
Q

Once the horse-shoe shape tube fuses, the heart consists of myocardium and endocardium. What two layers will now develop?

A

Myocardium + cardiac jelly

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7
Q

What cells migrate and give rise to the epicardium?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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8
Q

What are the distinct regions of the fused cardiac tube?

A

Bulbis cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus

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9
Q

What does the truncus arteriorsus (distal 1/3 of bulbus) go on to form?

A

The roots of the great vessels

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10
Q

What is the role of the conus cordis (middle 1/3 of bulbus)?

A

The outflow of the ventricles

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11
Q

What is the proximal part of the bulbis cordis?

A

The trabeculated portion of the RIGHT ventricle

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12
Q

At what week is the cardiac loop fully formed?

A

Week 4

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13
Q

How does the bulbis cordis move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Anteriorly, inferiorly, to the right

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14
Q

How does the ventricle move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Anteriorly, inferiorly, to the left

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15
Q

How does the atrium move in the formation of the cardiac loop?

A

Posteriorly and superiorly

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16
Q

From which 3 veins does the sinus venosus receive blood?

A

Vitelline (from yolk sac) , umbilical (from placenta), common cardinal (from embryo)

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17
Q

What is the big event that occurs during week 5?

A

There is a great venous shift to the RIGHT

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18
Q

Which veins are obliterated during this process?

A

Right umbilical, left vitelline, and later the left common cardinal

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19
Q

What structures remain after the venous shift to the right?

A

The oblique vein of the L. Atrium + coronary sinus

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20
Q

During this time the right sinus horn enlarges and is incorporated into the right atrium. Which two valve form during this process?

A

The valve of the IVC and the valve of the coronary sinus

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21
Q

Which two structures are divided by the crista terminalis?

A

The trabeculated part of the R. atrium + sinus venarum

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22
Q

What structures form from neural crest cells in the bulbis cordis that eventually go on to partition the truncus?

A

Endocardial cushions

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23
Q

Which endocardial cushions are NOT derived from neural crest cells?

A

Those between the atria and ventricles

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24
Q

When does the septum primum form?

A

Around week 4

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25
What is the gap called that remains in the septum primum?
Ostium primum
26
When the endocardial cushion grow to close the ostium primum, perforations in the upper part of the ostium primum appear. What is this called?
Ostium secondum
27
A second fold appears in front of the septum primum (closer to the right atrium), this septum (septum secundum) covers the hole in septum primum but also has a deficit. What is the deficit called?
Foramen ovale
28
Why is the foramen ovale important?
The oval foramen allows blood to pass from the right atrium into the left atrium and bypass the right ventricle (this in turn bypasses the pulmonary trunk and the lungs).
29
After birth when the lungs begin to function, the oval foramen closes (by fusion of septum primum and secundum). This is known as the ________ ______.
Fossa ovale
30
What % of foramen ovale fail to close but do not shunt blood? What is this called?
10-20%; this is a probe patency
31
The ventricles are able to communicate with each other via the ________ up until the ______ week.
AV canal, 5th
32
What type of tissue forms the AV valve?
Mesenchyme, derived from the myocardium
33
What structure forms most of the R. ventricle?
Bulbus cordis
34
What does the truncus arteriosus form in the right and left ventricles respectively?
R: Infundibulum + Conus arteriosus L: Aortic vestibule
35
What cells are involved in the development of the semilunar valve?
Neural crest cells
36
What day does the heart begin to beat?
Day 22
37
On what day are parts of the conducting system present?
Day 25
38
When does autonomic innervation arrive to the heart?
Day 30
39
What defects can occur with ASD?
``` Persistant ostium secondum Common atrium Defect in endocardial cushions Defect involving sinus venosum Probe patency ```
40
What occurs in cor triloculare biventriculare
absence of a atrial septum resulting in a three chambered heart
41
What occurs with premature closure of foramen ovale?
hypertrophy of the right atrium and ventricle and hypotrophy of the left chambers; patient typically dies shortly after birth
42
What occurs in transposition of the great vessels?
The septum that normally divides the aorta and pulmonary trunk does not form properly
43
What are the syndromes associated with tricuspid valve atresia?
Always have patency of the foramen ovale, VSD, underdeveloped right ventricle and hypertrophy of the left ventricle
44
What is an Ebstein anomaly?
Improper formation of the tricuspid valve where the valves are partially fused to the ventricular wall; part of the right ventricle becomes “atrialized”; accompanied by tricuspid regurgitation; indicated by cyanosis and heart failure; usually accompanied by a ASD
45
Describe hypoplastic heart syndrome
Poorly developed left ventricle; as blood returns from the lungs it must pass through an ASD to the right atrium, into the right ventricle and then through a patent ductus arterious into the systemic circulation; without surgical correction this condition is fatal
46
What are the 4 cardiac defect associated with Tetrology of Fallot?
1. pulmonary stenosis 2. right ventricular hypertrophy 3. over-riding (dextroposition of the) aorta – aorta gets blood from the right ventricle 4. ventricular septal defect
47
TOF is related to a deficiency in what cells?
Neural crest
48
What occurs in a Persistant truncus arteriosus?
1. conotruncal ridges do not fuse 2. accompanied by IV septal defect 3. the truncus gets blood from both ventricles
49
From what tissue type do arteries, veins, and lymphatic channels derive?
Mesodermal cell clusters
50
When do extraembryonic vessels form?
from the yolk sac during the third week (blood islands – give rise to vascular endothelium and red blood corpuscles).
51
WHERE do the embryonic vessels form?
At the endoderm-mesoderm jxn
52
WHEN do the pharyngeal arches form?
4th and 5th weeks
53
Which one is the loser arch that never forms?
5th arch
54
What does the first arch form?
Maxillary artery
55
What does the second arch form?
Hyoid and stapedial arteries
56
What does the third arch form?
Common carotids + Internal carotids
57
What does the fourth arch form?
Right side : Subclavian a. Left side: Aortic arch between l. common carotid and l. subclavian
58
What does the sixth arch form on the right?
Right pulmonary a
59
What does the sixth arch form on the left?
L. pulmonary a. and ductus arteriosus
60
What nerve supplies the 6th arch?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
61
What vessels arise from the abdominal aorta? What do they supply?
Vitelline aa. | Supply derivatives of the yolk sac
62
What do the thoracic vitelline arteries supply?
Esophagus
63
What do the abdominal vitelline arteries supply?
Specific regions of GI tract
64
What does the celiac a. supply?
Foregut
65
What does the inferior mesenteric a. supply?
Hindgut
66
What does the superior mesenteric a. supply?
Midgut
67
What arteries are connected to the lateral side of the aorta?
Middle suprarenal, renal, gonadal
68
What do the umbilical arteries initially supply?
They are initially paired branches of the dorsal aorta that supply the allantois
69
What happens to the umbilical arteries during the 4th week of development?
Vessels shift to the common iliac
70
Umbilical arteries are obliterated after birth. Then what are they called?
Medial umbilical ligaments (Anatomy, holla!)
71
What are the four major anomalies seen with the development of the arterial system?
1. PDA 2. Coarctation of the aorta 3. Abnormal origin of right subclavian a 4. Double aortic arch
72
What are the three vein systems that can be seen around Week 5 of development?
Vitelline, Umbilical, Cardinal
73
What do the vitelline vv. do?
Carry blood from yolk sac to sinus venous
74
What do the umbilical vv. do?
Carry oxygenated blood from placenta to embryo
75
What do the cardinal vv. do?
Drain blood from the embryo and deliver it to the right side of the heart
76
How do the hepatic sinusoids develop from the vitelline veins?
outgrowths of the GI tract interrupt the course of the veins and results in the formation of hepatic sinusoids
77
What veins arise from the vitelline veins?
i. small region of the IVC (see below) ii. portal vein iii. ductus venosus iv. hepatic v. superior mesenteric vi. inferior mesenteric vii. splenic
78
The vitelline veins on the ______ side contribute to the portal system, but loose their direct connections to the ______ _______.
Left; sinus venosus
79
A communication forms between the _______ umbilical vein and the _____ vitelline (hepatocardiac) channel, this is called the ______ _______.
left; right; ductus venosus
80
The ductus venosus allows bypassing of what structure?
Sinusoids of the liver
81
Why is OK to bypass the liver?
The blood is super awesome for the fetus bc it is highly oxygenated and it's also been filtered by the maternal liver
82
The left umbilical vein obliterates to form the _______ __________ ________.
Ligamentum teres hepatis
83
The ductus venosum obliterates to form the ______ _______.
Ligamentum venosum
84
What do the subcardinal veins drain?
Kidneys
85
What do the sacrocardinal veins drain?
Lower extremities
86
What do the supracardinal veins drain?
Body wall
87
An anastomosis forms between the anterior cardinal veins. What major vein does this form?
Brachiocephalic vein (As a result much of the blood from the head is shunted to the right side before entering the heart; the remaining parts of the left anterior cardinal vein contribute to the coronary sinus and a small left superior intercostal vein that drains the thoracic wall)
88
What forms the SVC?
The union of the right common cardinal vein and the proximal part of the right anterior cardinal vein
89
Initially there are two separate subcardinal veins, union of the subcardinal veins forms the ___ ____ vein and much of the remaining left subcardinal disappears, except for the ____ _____ vein.
left renal; left gonadal
90
Anastomosis between the _______ veins forms the left common iliac
Sacrocardinal veins
91
What vein contributes significantly to the IVC?
Right sacrocardinal
92
The _____ ______ veins contribute to the arch of the azygos vein and the ____ superior intercostal vein
Posterior cardinal, left
93
The right gonadal vein drains to the ____ and the left gonadal vein drains to the ____ ____ vein.
IVC; left renal
94
Why does a double IVC occur?
Persistence of left supracardinal vein
95
What week do the lymphatic vessels begin to form ?
Week 6
96
What are the lymph sacs that form?
a. two jugular lymph sacs – paired sacs located near the inferior aspect of the internal jugular b. two iliac lymph sacs – form near the junction of the iliac veins c. one retroperitoneal lymph sac – forms at the root of the mesentery d. Cisterna chyli – an unpaired sac that forms near the junction of the lumbar lymph trunks
97
What type of cells do the lymph sacs derive from?
Stem cells that arise from the yolk sac
98
What occurs in congential lymphedema?
Dilation of lymphatic channels or congenital hypoplasia of lymphatic channels
99
What is a cystic hygroma?
Large swellings composed of fluid filled cavities; involve jugular lymph sacs that fail to connect lymphatic vessels
100
What is Kaci's least favorite subject of all time?
Physiology with embryology as a VERY close second right now.

Cardiac Embryo (1 decks)

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