embryology Flashcards
A newborn has been diagnosed with a cleft in the iris , the defect in which gene responsible for that?
a. EMX
b. PAX2
c. SHH
B
A still born was seen with necrotic tissue in the head region, what is the anomaly?
a. Anencephaly
b. Spina bifida
c. Menengiocele
d. Hydrocephalus
A
Ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman at 2nd trimester shows a defected superior end of the neural tube continuous with the amniotic fluid. What is this congenital anomaly?
a. Macrocephaly
b. Microcephaly
c. Schizencephaly
d. Anencephaly
D
Which of the following would be affected by a defect in the genes encoding for the migration of neural crest cells?
a. Sulcus limitans
b. Basal Plate
c. Ventral root of the Spinal cord
d. Dorsal Root Ganglion
D
A pregnant woman in her second trimester had an ultrasound where it showed an underdeveloped occipital bone with a protrusion of sac of brain tissue. What is the abnormality?
a. Meningoencephalocele
b. Meningocele
c. Meningohydroencephalocele d. Craniorachischisis
A
What is the origin of suprarenal(adrenal)medullary cells?
Neural crest
What separates the ventral and dorsal parts of the neural tube?
a. Sulcus limitans
b. Median eminence
c. Alar plate
d. Basal plate
A
What is the embryological origin of the hypoglossal nucleus?
a. Alar Plate
b. Basal Plate
c. Rhombic lip
d. Marginal zone
e. Mantle zone
B
What is the embryological origin of the dentate nucleus?
a. Alar Plate
b. Basal Plate
c. Rhombic lip
d. Marginal zone
e. Mantle zone
A
Which of the following structures develops/ forms because of the formation of the pontine flexure?
a. Cerebral Aqueduct
b. Third Ventricle
c. Fourth Ventricle
d. Lateral Ventricles
C
What arises from the alar plate?
a. Dorsal vagus
b. Gracile
B
Which structure is unaffected by blocking the migration of neural crest cells?
a. Facial ganglion
b. Trigeminal ganglion
c. Medulla of suprarenal gland
d. Facial skeleton
e. Choroid plexus
E
Which structure develops from the basal plate?
a. Intermediolateral horn
b. Clark’s nucleus
c. Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
A
What is the embryological origin of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve?
Alar plate
In which part of the developing brain is the pontine flexure present?
Metencephalon
What does the dorsal horn develop from?
Alar Layer
Cerebellum develops from which embryological structure?
Rhombic lips
Cyst consists of protrusions of the cranial meninges that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid?
Meningocele
What congenital anomaly is caused by failure of the cranial neural tube to close, resulting in massive necrosis?
a. Craniorachischisis
b. Rachischisis
c. Anencephaly
?
What is the embryological origin of the medulla oblongata?
Myelencephalon
Ventral horn is developed by?
Basal plate
What structure is where the pineal body is found?
Epithalamus
What originates from the ureteric bud?
a. Collecting System
b. Proximal tubules
c. Distal Tubules
d. Glomerulus
A
Which of the following connects the metanephric blastema to the mesonephric ridge to form the kidney in the fetus?
a. Ureteric bud
b. Mesonephric tubules
c. Pronephros
A
Which structure develops from the endoderm and mesoderm at birth?
a. Penis
b. Urinary Bladder
c. Membranous part of urogenital sinus
B
What develops from metanephros?
a. Collecting ducts
b. Distal convoluted tubules
B
A baby boy was born with his urethra opened along the dorsal aspect of the penis. What congenital condition is described? Final 2015
a. Recto-Vesical Fistula
b. Epispadia
c. Discoid Kidney
d. Potter’s Syndrome
B
Ultrasound examination in utero reveals bilateral absence of the kidneys in a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation. The baby is born alive at term, but dies 12 hours after birth. Which of the following is most likely the cause of death?
a. Internal bleeding
b. Cardiomyopathy
c. Hydrocephalus
d. Anuria
e. Lung Immaturity
E
What develops from the diverticulum from the mesonephric duct?
a. Proximal tubules
b. Loop of Henle
c. Collecting duct
C
Which vessel prevents the ascent of kidneys into adult position resulting in a horseshoe
kidney?
a. Superior mesenteric artery
b. Inferior mesenteric artery
B
Which of the following is an indication for Potter’s syndrome?
a. One umbilical artery
b. Oligohydramnios
B
What is the embryological origin of the epithelium of the bladder?
a. Hindgut
b. Foregut
c. Paraxial mesoderm
d. Splanchnic mesoderm
A
What congenital anomaly is characterized by deficient anterior abdominal wall and bladder wall?
a. Ectopia vesicae
b. Kidney agenesis
c. Patent Urachus
d. Polycystic kidney
e. Epispadia
A
What is the congenital anomaly that is responsible for weeping of urine from the umbilicus?
a. Ectopia vesicae
b. Kidney agenesis
c. Patent Urachus
d. Polycystic kidney
e. Epispadia
C
What should be suspected in a male infant with unilateral agenesis of the kidney?
Single umbilical artery
Which of the following structures arises from the metanephric blastema?
a. Glomeruli
b. Collecting duct
A
Which structure will become the median umbilical cord?
Urachus
Which of the following describes the abnormality in horseshoe kidney?
a. Fused pelvic kidney
b. Fusion of inferior poles of both kidneys
B
What results from the failure of the collecting ducts to fuse with the tubular system of the nephron?
a. Kidney agenesis
b. Patent Urachus
c. Polycystic kidney
d. Epispadia
C
Failure of union between ureteric bud and the mesenchyme?
a. Ectopia vesicae
b. Kidney agenesis
c. Patent Urachus
d. Polycystic kidney
e. Epispadia
B
Two ureters in one kidney because of partial uretetic buds.
a. Ureter duplication
b. Bifid ureter
c. Double ureter
A
What is the cause of unilateral kidney agenesis?
Failure of ureteric bud development
A small part of the urinary bladder develops from the absorbed part of ureteric buds?
Trigone
An infant may continue passing meconium during micturition due to which congenital anomaly? 2017
a. Urorectal fistula
b. Rectovaginal fistula
c. Rectoperineoal fistula
d. Vitelline fistula
A
A fetus was born with a congenital anomaly due to the failure of the anal membrane to rupture. What is the fetal manifestation?
a. Recto-perineal fistula
b. Uro-rectal fistula
c. Meckel’s diverticulum
d. Imperforate anus
D
A fetus had intestinal material oozing from the umbilicus. What is the defect?
a. Uracus fistula
b. Vitelline fistula
c. Meckel’s diverticulum
B
A child with pouch distension on the anterior abdominal wall that is connected to the
umbilicus. The pouch is translucent and umbilical vessels can be seen through it. What is the condition?
a. Omphalocele
b. Vitellinecyst
c. Meckel’s diverticulum
A
Which congenital abnormality is associated with excessive growth around the 2nd part of
the duodenum?/ narrowing of the second part of the duodenum and dilation of the first part?
a. Annular pancreas
b. Tracheoesophageal fistula
c. Inversion of pancreatic duct
d. Malrotation of the gut
A
Severe coughing spells interfering with breathing after eating observed in a neonate.
Further, the baby had frequent pulmonary infections and bouts of abdominal bloating. Which of the following may be the cause of the above symptoms?
a. Annular pancreas
b. Tracheoesophageal fistula
c. Inversion of pancreatic duct
d. Malrotation of the gut
B
Left sided cecum and ascending colon, what is the cause?
a. Midgut loop clockwise rotation
b. Rotation up to 90 degrees
c. Rotation up to 180 degrees
C
Results from failure of return of physiological hernia/ results from failure of intestinal loop to return following physiological hernia?
Omphalocele
What causes rectovesical fistula?
Incomplete septation of cloaca
Congenital defect where the liver is mainly on the left side?
Situs inversus
What is the origin of smooth muscles in the GIT/muscles of the intestinal wall?
Splanchnic mesoderm
Which embryological abnormality is the result of a persistent cloacal membrane?
Imperforate anus
What is the embryological origin of the muscles of the small intestine?
a. Splanchnic mesoderm
b. Somatic mesoderm
c. Intermediate Mesoderm
d. Paraxial mesoderm
A
What layer is the small intestine epithelium derived from?
a. Endoderm
b. Ectoderm
c. Splanchnic mesoderm
d. Somatic mesoderm
A
Through which of the following does the liver develop?
Ventral mesogastrium
Which embryological abnormality can result in the entry of amniotic fluid into the lungs?
Tracheoesophageal fistula
What layer is the part of the anal canal below the pectinate line developed from?
a. Endoderm
b. Ectoderm
c. Splanchnic mesoderm
d. Somatic mesoderm
B
What is the axis of rotation of the gut in an embryo?
a. Abdominal aorta
b. Inferior Rectalartery
c. Inferior Mesenteric artery
d. Superior Mesenteric artery
D
What layer does the duct of the pancreas develop from? a. Endoderm
b. Ectoderm
A
What structure develops in a male fetus from the proximal mesonephric tubules?
a. Efferent ductules of the testis
b. Epididymis
c. Seminal vesicle
d. Vas deferens
A
Which of the following is not an action of Sertoli cells?
a. Produce dihydrotestosterone
b. Produce Mullerian regression factor
c. Stimulate differentiation of Leydig cells
A
What is the cause of hypospadias?
a. Abnormal development of anterior abdominal wall
b. Enlarged genitalia tubercle
c. Failure to fusion of urethral folds
C
During examination of a male neonate, the doctor observed an undescended testis held in its normal path of descent. What could that site be? 2016
a. Femoral
b. Perineal
c. Perepenile
d. Suprascrotal
D
The persistence of which of the following structures causes hydrocele of the testis?
a. Processus vaginalis
b. Tunica vaginalis
c. Tunica albuginea
B
What closes to form penile urethra?
Urethral folds
Failure of the migration of epiblasts to the yolk sac will lead to failure of the development of which structure?
a. Penis
b. Testes
B
What forms the outer glandular part of the prostate?
Urogenital sinus
Ectopic testis?
a. Gubernaculum attaches to the pubic symphysis
b. Persistent processus vaginalis
A
What do you call a case of the urethra that opens in the ventral surface of the penis?
a. Epispadias
b. Hypospadias
B
What helps the testes to descend in the scrotal sac?
Gubernaculum
A young boy had his routine medical examination and was diagnosed with cryptorchidism. What is the most likely location of the testes?
a. At anterior superior iliac spine
b. At saphenous opening
c. In front of pubic symphysis
d. Inguinal canal
D
Which structure develops from the mesenchyme of the genital ridge?
a. Follicular cells
b. Granulosa cells
c. Leydig cells
d. Rete testis
e. Sertoli cells
C
What develops from the mesonephric duct in a male embryo?
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Vas deferens
B
Which of the following is derived from persistent mesonephric tubules?
a. Appendix of the epididymis
b. Efferent ductules
c. Paradidymis
B / C
Note: The correct answer originally was efferent ductules, but paradidymis was counted correct as well (although it wasn’t mentioned in the note).
Which of the following is an embryological remnant of the cephalic part of the paramesonephric duct?
a. Appendix of epididymis
b. Appendix of the testes
B
What do fetal Sertoli cells secrete?
Mullerian inhibiting hormone
What hormone is used in forming the wolffian duct? (internal)
Testosterone
What is the embryological origin of the somites?
a. Anterior neuropore
b. Mesoderm
c. Posterior neuropore
d. Primitive streak
B
What originates from the coelomic epithelium?
Sertoli cells
What moves along the path in the abdomen formed by the gubernaculum?
Processus vaginalis
What gives rise to primordial germ cells?
a. Coelomic epithelium
b. Urachus
B
Remember that the origin of the primordial germ cells is the wall of the yolk sock or the endoderm around the allantois, and the urachus is the fibrous remnant of the allantois
What forms the primitive sex cells?
Primary sex cords
Which folds form the penile (spongy) urethra?
Urogenital
What defect results from inadequate androgen production?
Hypospadias
Which of the following hormones is needed to form male internal and external genitalia?
Testosterone
What is the function of 5α reductase?
a. An enzyme found only in males and accounts for the normal pattern of hair development
b. Converts dihydrotestosterone to its reduced form, which acts at the level of the hair shaft to induce terminal hair development
c. Converts estrogen to testosterone at the base of the hair shaft to induce terminal hair development
d. Converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, which causes development of the male external genitalia
D
What is produced by mesenchyme of testes in development?
Leydig cells
Which structure develops from the fusion of the lateral lamina of the labia minora?
a. Clitoris
b. Frenulum
c. Mons Pubis d. Prepuce
D
What structure passes through the gubernaculum during fetal development?
Processus vaginalis
Which structure is a closed sac that is invaginated by the testis?
Tunica Vaginalis
What congenital anomaly arises due to the complete failure of the paramesonephric ducts to fuse?
a. Didelphys
b. Bicornis
A
What causes the ovary to be posterior to broad ligament?
a. Inferomedial movement of paramesonephric duct
b. Caudo-medial movement of the gubernaculum
A
What is the embryonic origin of the uterus, cervix and upper vagina?
a. Paramesonephric ducts
b. Sinovaginal bulb
A
Which of the following occur during embryological development of genital tract?
a. Fallopian tube derived from Mullerian duct
b. Recognition of external genitalia at 6th week
c. Upper 1/3 of vagina developed from cloca
d. Wolffian duct degenerate in presence of Y chromosome
A
Which of the following is a remnant of the proximal mesonephric tubules and is attached to the ovary?
a. Epoophoron
b. Gartner’s Duct
c. Paroophoron
A
Which anomaly results from failure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts but the lower ends join to form the vaginal plate?
a. Bicornis bicollis
b. Bicornuate uterus
c. Didelphys
B
What is the embryonic origin of the cervix, uterus, and upper vagina?
a. Mesonephric duct
b. Mullerian system
c. Paramesonephric duct
d. Sinovaginal bulb
e. Vaginal cord
f. Vesicourethral canal
C
What is the embryonic origin of the lower 1⁄3 of the vagina?
a. Mesonephric duct
b. Mullerian system
c. Paramesonephric duct
d. Sinovaginal bulb
e. Vaginal cord
f. Vesicourethral canal
D
During embryonic development, the Mullerian system opens into the dorsal aspect of the cloaca. What congenital anomaly will develop?
a. Rectovaginal fistula
b. Rectovesical fistula
A
A 35-year-old woman was noticed to have an absent kidney on one side. Which of the following is she likely to have?
a. Unicornuate uterus
b. Absent ovary on unilateral side
c. Imperforate hymen
d. Uterus bicollis
B
Which of the following is a remnant of the distal part of gubernaculum?
a. Cardinal Ligament
b. Round ligament of uterus
c. Broad ligament
d. Ovarian ligament
e. Suspensory ligament
B
The proximal part of the gubernaculum gives the ovarian ligament
Which of the following is derived from the paramesonephric duct in a female embryo?
a. Ovary
b. Round ligament
c. Uterine tube
C
Which structure is formed by proliferation of cells from paramesonephric ducts?
a. Mullerian eminence
b. Vaginal cord
A
A girl with primary amenorrhea and cyclic pelvic pain presented with imperforate hymen. What is the embryological cause?
a. Failure of sinovaginal bulb formation
b. Failure of vaginal plate to canalize
Incomplete vertical fusion (sinovaginal bulb with descending Mullerian system) results in imperforate hymen”
What originates from the paramesonephric duct?
Uterine tube
What is the cause of bicornuate uterus?
Failure of paramesonephric duct fusion
What is the embryonic origin of the labia minora?
a. Genital
b. Labial
c. Urethral
d. Urogenital fold
e. Urosacral
D
What is formed by coelomic epithelium?
Follicular cells
Which embryological structure is the Gartner duct derived from?
Mesonephric duct
What is the cause of bicornus uteri in a female with repeated abortions?
Failure of lateral fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
