Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE Renal > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three embryonic renal structures formed in utero?

A
  • Pronephros
  • Mesonephros
  • Metanephros (becomes kidney)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When does the pronephros degenerate?

A

Week 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does the Mesonephros function as the interim kidney?

A

In the 1st trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structure does the mesonephros contribute to in males?

A

Vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does the metanephros appear?

A

5th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does the metanephros develop into the kidney?

A

Weeks 32-36

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the ureteric bud an outgrowth of?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A
  • Ureter
  • Pelvis
  • Calyxes
  • Collecting ducts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the metanephric mesenchyme (aka metanephric blastema) give rise to?

A
  • Interacts with ureteric bud

- Interaction forms glomerulus to distal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can an aberrant interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme result in?

A

Can result in renal agenesis or multicystic dysplastic kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common pathologic cause of prenatal hydronephrosis?

A

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (detected by prenatal ultrasound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the effects of oligohydramnios (POTTER sequence)?

A
  • Limb deformaties
  • Facial anolmalies (low-set ears, retrognathia [retracted jaw], flattened nose)
  • Compression of chest and lack of amniotic fluid aspiration into fetal lungs
  • Pulmonary hypoplasia (cause of death)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can the effects of POTTER sequence be remembered?

A

POTTER

  • Pulmonary hypoplasia
  • Oligohydramnios (trigger)
  • Twisted face
  • Twisted skin
  • Extremity defects
  • Renal failure (in utero)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does Horseshoe kidney develop?

A

Inferior poles of kidney fuse abnormally
- As they ascend from pelvis during fetal development, horseshoe kidneys get trapped under the IMA and remain low in the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What pathologies are associated with horseshoe kidney?

A
  • Hydronephrosis (e.g uretopelvic junction obstruction)
  • Renal stones
  • Infection
  • Increased risk of renal cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of syndromes are associated with Horseshoe kidney?

A
  • Turner syndrome

- Aneuploidy 13, 18, 21

17
Q

What can be seen in the contralateral kidney with congenital solitary functioning kidney?

A

Compensatory hypertrophy, hyperfiltration, risk of focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS)
- Anomalies in contralateral kidney common

18
Q

What is unilateral renal agenesis due to?

A

Ureteric bud failing to develop and induce mesenteric mesenchyme

19
Q

What is multicystic dysplastic kidney due to?

A

Ureteric bud develops but fails to induce differentiation of mesenteric mesenchyme (results in nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue)

20
Q

What is Wilms’ Tumour a result of?

A

Proliferation of metanephric blastema

- Embryonic glomerular structures

21
Q

What mutations are associated with Wilms’ Tumour?

A

WT1 (expressed in metanephric blastema/mesenchyme)

22
Q

What is a uteropelvic junction obstruction due to?

A

Narrowing at proximal ureter at junction

23
Q

What is the most common cause of single kidmey obstruction?

A

Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction

24
Q

What can POTTER sequence be caused by?

A
  • Chronic placental insufficiency
  • Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
  • Obstructive uropathy (e.g posterior urethral valves), bilateral renal agenesis)
25
Q

What is a duplex collecting system due to?

A
  • 2 ureteric buds right or left interacting with metenephric mesenchyme
  • Or bifurication of ureteric bud
26
Q

What embryonic structure surrounds the Ureteric bud?

A

Mesenteric mesenchyme

27
Q

What is a duplex collecting system associated with?

A
  • Vesicouretral reflux and/or urethral obstruction
  • Increased risk of UTIs
  • Presents with hydronephrosis
28
Q

What are the 2 types of vesicoureteral reflux?

A

Primary

  • Abnormal closure of UVJ
  • Occurs in children
  • Associated with duplex ureters

Secondary

  • High bladder pressure -> pushes urine backwards
  • Seen with posterior urethral valves
  • Association w. BPH
29
Q

What are the different causes of oligohydramnios by trimester?

A
  • 1st trimester (1-12 weeks): rare
  • 2nd trimester (13-27 weeks): Decreased formation of fetal urine
  • 3rd trimester (28 weeks to birth): Rupture of membranes
30
Q

What is a posterior urethral valve due to?

A

Membrane remnant in posterior (prostatic) urethra in males

31
Q

What will be seen on prenatal US in posterior urethral valves?

A
  • Bilateral hydronephrosis
  • Dilated or thick-walled bladder
  • May lead to POTTERs syndrome
32
Q

What can Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease lead to?

A
  • Severe: Oligohydramnios

- Less severe: Renal failure and hypertension in childhood

33
Q

What kind of cancer can come from urachal remnants?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the bladder

- From the dome of the bladder

USMLE Renal (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions