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FHMP > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the mesoderm form?

A

skeletal, connective and muscle tissues

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2
Q

What does the endoderm form?

A

lining of gastrointestinal and respiratory systems

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3
Q

What do the somite differentiate into?

A

Dermatome, myotome and sclerotome

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4
Q

What are somites?

A

Paired blocks of tissue on each side of the notochord (formed from paraxial mesoderm)

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5
Q

How many pairs of somites are formed?

A

42-44 pairs (end up being 38)

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6
Q

What are the three layers of mesoderm called?

A
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • intermediate mesoderm
  • lateral plate mesoderm
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7
Q

What condition arises if the cranial (anterior) neurpore doesn’t close?

A

Anencephaly

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8
Q

What condition arises if the caudal (posterior) neuropore doesn’t close?

A

Spina Bifida

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9
Q

What are the functions of neural crest cells?

A

they contribute to formation of the PNS

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10
Q

What is neurulation?

A

the process of the formation of the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

Describe the formation of the notochord.

A
  • cells derived from the primitive node migrate cranially towards buccopharyngeal membrane resulting in notochord plate
  • notochord plate folds and forms notochord
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12
Q

Name 2 places where the original two germ layers remain intact in the formation of the trilaminar disc.

A
  • prochordal plate (at cephalic end) - becomes buccopharyngeal membrane
  • cloacal plate (at caudal end) - becomes cloacal membrane
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13
Q

Describe the formation of the intra-embryonic mesoderm.

A

Cells of the ectodermal layer migrate towards the primitive streak and detach from it, spreading laterally beneath it

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14
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

Groove-like midline depression in the caudal end of the bilaminar embryonic disk

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15
Q

What does the ectoderm form?

A

epidermis and the nervous system, neural tube, neural crest

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16
Q

Describe the formation of the trilaminar disc

A

The epiblast becomes the ectoderm and the hypoblast becomes the endoderm. The intra-embryonic mesoderm is formed through the invagination of epiblast cells.

17
Q

Define gastrulation.

A

The formation of the trilaminar embryonic disc from the bilaminar embryonic disc

18
Q

What is the role of HCG and what creates HCG during the pre-embryonic stage

A

HCG maintains the corpus lute (so progesterone can be made), and it is produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts

19
Q

What is the role of lacunae in implantation?

A

Communicate wit the maternal endometrial sinusoids, thereby deriving nutritional support for developing embryo

20
Q

What is the role of the primary yolk sac?

A

Source of nutrition, theorised to also form some of early vascularisation

21
Q

What are the roles of amnioblasts?

A

Secrete amniotic fluid

22
Q

Describe the implantation process.

A
  • Initiates the decimal reaction in the uterine storm (cells contribute to maternal components of placenta)
  • trophoblast differentiates: inner part becomes single-layered cytotrophoblast, invasive layer called synctium
  • synctium called synctiotrophoblast when it invades endometrium but not endometrial blood
  • ICM becomes epiblast and hypoblast - the bilaminar embryonic disk
23
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

24
Q

What is the blastocyst composed of?

A
  • trophoblast
  • blastocoele
  • Inner Cell Mass (ICM)
25
Q

What is the cavity of the blastocyst called?

A

Blastocoele

26
Q

How many cells make up a morula?

A

16

27
Q

What is the foetal period?

A

9th week to birth

  • further growth and development of organs
  • locomotor system becomes functional
28
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

2nd - 8th week

  • germ layers and placenta develop
  • main body systems form
29
Q

What is the pre-embryonic period?

A

Conception - week 2

  • fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis
  • formation of morula
  • appearance of blastocyst
  • blastocyst implanted
30
Q

What is an embryo?

A

Tissue formed once mitosis of an ovum begins

FHMP (8 decks)

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