Embryogenesis -Neurolation

Question 1

It is the tudy of the prenatal development of an organism

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Embryology

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the formation of the body structures and organs (organogenesis).

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Embryogenesis

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an increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division

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Cell Proliferation

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result of cells expressing some genes and suppressing others within
a common genome.

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Cell Differentiation

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branch of embryology that deals with the causes and results of abnormal
development or congenital malformation.

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Teratology

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abnormality that arises during prenatal
development due to hereditary or environmental factors.

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Congenital Malformation/Defect

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An embryo in the form of a compact ball of
blastomeres. Morula typically consists of 16 – 64 blastomeres , i.e. four to six cell divisions

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Morula

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It develops during the 2nd week following the rupture of the zona pellucida. This consists
of a large number of blastomeres arranged to form a hollow, fluid-filled sphere/cylinder containing
an inner cell mass or embryonic disk localized inside one pole of the blastocyst

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Blastocyst

Question 9

series of cell divisions that occurs in the zygote following fertilization.

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Cleavage

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union of a haploid female gamete (oocyte) with a haploid male gamete
(spermatozoon) to form a diploid zygote.

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Fertilization

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gonads in males are known as

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Testis

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mature reproductive cells capable of fertilization

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Gametes

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refers to the development and
maturation of female gamete (ovum)

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Oogenesis

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refers to the maturation and
development of male gametes (spermatozoa)

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Spermatogenesis

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transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa

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Spermiogenesis

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Holoblastic cleavage / cleavage in mammals is a series of mitotic divisions by which a large zygote
is fractionated into numerous ”normal size” cells called

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Blastomers

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defined as the state of embryonic development marked by rearrangement of
the cells. It is also considered a critical period of embryonic development because during this
period the potentials of a particular tissue to develop into organs begin to be restricted

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Gastrulation

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the embryonic disk to form three (3) separate parallel tissues

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Germ Layers

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developing organs become more sensitive to external agents that produce birth defects.

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Teratogens

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occurs in the epiblast of the embryonic disk, a
relatively small area of the blastocyst when compared to the extraembryonic trophoblast.

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Formation of the primitive streak

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On the epiblast surface, the primitive streak forms a differential cell growth that generates a
pair of ridges separated by a depression.

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Formation of primitive groove and primitive folds or ridges, endoderm and Mesoderm

Question 22

closely adjacent to the overlying ectoderm of the
embryonic disk and the trophoblast.

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Somatic Mesoderm

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closely related to the underlying
embryonic endoderm and hypoblast.

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Splanchnic Mesoderm

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Epiblast cells in the cranial 1/3 of embryonic disc stop their mitotic activity and migrate away
as mesoderm.

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Regression of primitive streak, formation of notochord and renaming of
surface epiblast as ectoderm.

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rod-shaped aggregate of epiblast cells located cranial to the
primitive streak

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Notochord

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epiblasts form a mass of cells

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Paraxial Mesoderm.

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occupies the anterior border of future
head.

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Head Process

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early embryo is flat but the vertebrate body plan
features a cylindrical theme.

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Development of Cylindrical Body

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The cardiac tube originates from paired primordia in the
mesoderm that eventually fuse in the middle as a result of cephalic and lateral folding of the
embryo.

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Initial Development of the Heart

Question 30

Mesoderm accumulates on each side of the notochord
and is designated as paraxial mesoderm. Cells of the paraxial mesoderm become compact
and arranged radially around a tiny central cavity called myocoele, which becomes enlarged
later. When this occurs the paraxial mesoderm is then termed somite.

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Sequence of Somite Development

Question 31

Somites are blocks of mesoderm derived from paraxial mesoderm
located just lateral to the notochord

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Formation of Somites

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the fifth and last stage of early embryonic development

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Neurolation

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he epiblast
cells on the surface of the embryonic disk

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Ectoderm

Question 34

Migrates to form the skin dermis. Each
dermatome forms a continuous area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve. Skin epidermis
including hair follicle and glands is derived from surface ectoderm. Neural crest cells migrate
into the epidermis and become melanocytes and tactile disc receptors.

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Dermatome

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Forms most of the axial skeleton: vertebrae,
ribs and bone of the skull.

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Screlotome

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Forms skeletal musculature.

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Myotome