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Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What Is Embryology?

A

the study of prenatal (before birth) development, from fertilization until birth.

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2
Q

How long is prenatal development?

A

38 weeks

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3
Q

How long is pregnancy ?

A

40 weeks

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4
Q

Why is there a two week difference between prenatal development and a normal human pregnancy ?

A
  • “Prenatal development” counts the time from fertilization until birth.
    -“Pregnancy” on the other hand is counted from the last menstrual period (LMP), which is two weeks before fertilization
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5
Q

What is the 40 week span of pregnancy called?

A

Gestation period

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6
Q

What are the sex cells(gametes)?

A

Ova (female) , Sperm (male)
- Each have half set of chromosomes (haploid)
- Ova + Sperm = zygotę
- Order: Gametes –> Zygote –> Embryo –> Fetus

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7
Q

How do gametes form a zygote?

A

-The egg and sperm encounter each other in the distal oviduct aka the uterine tube
- The sperm releases enzymes that creates a hole in the zona pellucida so that it can enter the egg
- The zona pellucida is the egg’s protective covering (which the sperm breaks)
-That is how fertilization occurs.
During fertilization, millions of sperm cells are released, but only a single sperm cell successfully penetrates and fertilizes the egg.

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8
Q

What is teratogen?

A

Harmful substances to a fetus

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9
Q

Define teratoma

A

-Teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor made up of several types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, teeth, or bone.
- The tumor that starts in your reproductive cells like eggs and sperm.
-Most teratomas are benign (noncancerous), but sometimes they can become malignant (cancerous).

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10
Q

What are the main events in weeks 1-2 of embryology development?

A
  • Fertilization
  • Implantation in endometrium of uterus
  • Formation of two layers
  • Development of primitive streak
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11
Q

What are the Effects of Teratogens on weeks 1-2?

A

All or none

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12
Q

What are the main events in weeks 3-8 (embryonic period) of embryology development?

A
  • Formation of three layers
  • Beginning of development of all organs and body parts (organogenesis)
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13
Q

What are the Effects of Teratogens on weeks 3-8?

A

Major morphologic anomalies
(because this is where the organs start to develop, its the most sensitive period, so if the teratogens are acting on these weeks, it will affect the embryo the most).

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14
Q

What are the main events in weeks 9-38 (fetal period) of embryology development?

A

Growth and maturation of organs and body parts

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15
Q

What are the Effects of Teratogens on weeks 9-38?

A

Physiologic and minor morphologic anomalies

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16
Q

What is the morula ?

A

A solid ball of cells formed as the zygote undergoes cleavage
- The morula creates the blastocyst
- each time the zygote divides, the cells become smaller and smaller

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17
Q

What is the blastocyst?

A

a fluid-filled cavity

-the formation of the blastocoel, a fluid-filled cavity that defines the blastula, or in mammals the blastocyst is called cavitation
-(enters itself into the endometrium with the help of the trophoblast)

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18
Q

What is the epiblast?

A

-a single cell-layered epithelium which generates all tissues in the embryo proper through the process of gastrulati (DORSAL LAYER)
- forms the three layers through gastrulation (week 3)
- located in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, adjacent to the trophoblast layer.
-forms the embryo

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19
Q

What is the hypoblast?

A

The ventral layer, or hypoblast, forms the lining of the yolk sac, but it does not form any parts of the embryo

  • this part disappears, the epiblast forms into the embryo
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20
Q

What happens after implantation (week 2) is completed?

A

The blastocyst is completely buried in the endometrium (lining of the uterus).
2. There are 2 types of trophoblast: cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
3. The embryoblast is now epiblast.
4. The blastocyst cavity is lined by hypoblast.
5. There is a bilaminar disc = epiblast + hypoblast.
6. There is a fluid filled space in the epiblast that is the amniotic cavity.

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21
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

–The primitive streak is the source for the cells that are involved in gastrulation in week 3.
- The cranial end of the primitive streak (near the midpoint of the embryonic disc) forms the primitive node
-it is a structure that forms at the longitudinal midline in the caudal (bottom) region of the developing embryo on is dorsal (back) side of the embryo
-primitive streak gives rise to the mesoderm
-the primitive streak helps in the formation and positioning of the notochord. As cells move through the primitive streak, some of them gather underneath it to form the notochord.

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22
Q

Define cranial

A

Toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).

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22
Q

Define notochord

A

-The notochord is a transient rod-like structure located in the developing midline of the embryo
- It provides structural support and signals surrounding tissues to aid in the formation of the vertebral column and the central nervous system.
- It is important for the elongation of the embryonic axis
-It plays a critical role in muscle development.
– Precursor to vertebral column (spine) and provides structural support through the chordates
- Signals for the formation of the nervous system

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23
Q

Define caudal

A

Inferior or caudal - away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity).
-TAIL

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24
Q

Which set of structures, in correct sequence, gives rise to an embryo?

A

Inner cell mass → epiblast → embryo

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25
Q

What are the three layers formed in week 3 or prenatal development ?

A

-Ectoderm - spinal cord
nerves
skin nails hair

-Mesoderm - heart kidneys bones cartilage muscles blood cells blood vessels

-Endoderm lining of the digestive tract
liver
pancreas
bladder

26
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

SKIN, hair, nails

27
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

MUSCLE
(think “M” for “mesoderm” = “M” for “Muscle”)
- bones
-circulatory systems

28
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Lining of the digestive tract

29
Q

Creation of a 3D trunk occurs during which week of prenatal development?

A

Week 4

30
Q

During which prenatal period would exposure to a teratogenic drug, such as the antiepileptic phenytoin, have the most profound effect on development?

A

Weeks 3-8

31
Q

What happens during week 4 or prenatal development?

A
  • 3D trunk is formed
    -4 systems begin to develop ( hint: think FOUR systems= week FOUR )
  • The systems are: Gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular.
  • 4 limbs develop
    -Heart begins to beat
  • cell movements establish a body axis and forms a flat, trilaminar disc segmentation begins
32
Q

Define totipotent

A

A cell’s ability to develop into ANY type of cell or tissue in an organism, including the whole organism itself.

33
Q

Define Pluripotent

A

A cell’s ability to develop into multiple almost any type of cell or tissue in the body, but not a whole organism.

34
Q

Define multipotent

A

A cell’s ability to develop into fewer types of cell or tissue in the body.

35
Q

Define pluripotent

A

A cell’s ability to develop into multiple type of cell or tissue in the body.

36
Q

Define committed.

A
  • The relatively stable dedication of a cell to a particular specialized fate

(in other words, a cell is on a set path to become a specific type of cell or tissue and can’t easily change its fate.)

37
Q

What is EMT ?

A

Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition
- It is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells;
- These are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
- give rise to mesoderm & endoderm

38
Q
A
39
Q

What does MET give rise to ?

A

Somites (mesoderm layer)
- Somites are balls of epithelial cells
- Somites change to sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

40
Q

What is MET?

A

Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition (MET) is a process where cells change from being loose, mobile, and spread out (mesenchymal cells) to becoming tightly packed and organized like bricks in a wall (epithelial cells).

  • In other words, it is a reversible biological process that involves the transition from motile, multipolar or spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells to more polarized epithelial cells.
41
Q

What does receptor tyrosine kinase signaling bind to ?

A

FGF

42
Q

Whats another word for dorsal?

A

Posterior (back side)
-The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes.

43
Q

Why is neuralation important?

A
  • It develops the central nervous system
    -neurulation occurs in weeks 3-4. (after gastrulation)
44
Q

What are the two types of neuraltion? What do each consist of?

A

1) Primary neurulation
- This is neural tube closure, which performs apical constriction and cell intercalation/convergent extension
- Apical constriction is the same as convergent extension (as the cells rearrange themselves, they get longer)
- Apical constriction occurs at hinge points

2) Secondary neurulation
- This is the spinal cord formation

45
Q

What are the two signaling factors required for neural crest cells?

A

WNT and FGF
- FGF stands for fibroblast growth factor
(The other key signaling pathways in embryogenesis are:
bmp, noggin, notch, and shh * but they are not required for neural signaling).Morp

46
Q

Where does neural crest cells originate from?

A

The ectoderm
(Makes sense because the ectoderm gives rise to the brain, which is related to neurulation) .

47
Q

Morphogen signaling involves which of the following?
a) extracellular ligand binds to membrane receptor surface
b) receptor interacts with cytoplasmic components
c) changes in gene expression
d) all of the above

A

ALL OF THE ABOVE

48
Q

What does mesychan give rise to? (during EMT)

A

-Mesynchan can give rise to both somites or the endoderm. It depends on what single it receives.

49
Q
A
50
Q

Define invagination

A

-Invagination is the inward buckling of an epithelial sheet, as a result of concerted cell shape changes.

-Invagination results from a coherent tissue migration into the interior of the embryo.

51
Q

Define progenitor

A
  • A progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type.
  • Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common.
52
Q

What is branching morphogenesis and where does it occur?

A
  • Branching morphogenesis is the developmental program that builds the ramified epithelial trees of various organs, including the airways of the lung (for embryonic development)
  • This occurs in the kidney
53
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

The trophoblast is the outer layer of the cell that will become the placenta. and the fetal membrane

There are two types of trophoblast:
1) Cytotrophoblast, which is the outer layer surrounding the blastocyst
2) Syncytiotrophoblast which is at the top of the blastocyst

54
Q

What is EMT ?

A

EMT = Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
- It is the process where cells change from being tightly packed and organized (epithelial cells) into a more spread-out and flexible form (mesenchymal cells).
- EMT) plays crucial roles in the formation of the body plan and in the differentiation of multiple tissues and organs.
-Meschenchymals can become somites or the endoderm, depending on which signal it receives.

55
Q

What is the difference between the early blastocyst and the late blastocyst?

A

Early blastocyst: hollow ball of cells, fluid filled cavity

Late blastocyst: pre embryo, with the embryonic disk

56
Q

what is the primary role of the trophoblast?

A

-implantation (it embeds the blastocyst into the uterine lining and forming the placenta, which supports fetal development.)
- it embeds the blastocyst into the endometrium

57
Q

whats another word for cranial

A

cephalic (top/head)

58
Q

what is ingression

A

individual cells leave an epithelial sheet and become freely migrating mesenchyme cells.

59
Q

what is intercalation

A

rows of cells move between one another, creating an array of cells that is longer (in one or more dimensions) but thinner.

60
Q

what is ingression

A

individual cells leave an epithelial sheet and become freely migrating mesenchyme cells.

61
Q
A
62
Q

What are HOX genes?

A

HOX genes help direct the formation of vertebrae (the bones in your spine). - They make sure that each vertebra develops in the right place and in the right shape, ensuring that your spine is properly organized.

63
Q
A

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