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EMBRYO YO > EMBRYO HEART DEFECTS > Flashcards

EMBRYO HEART DEFECTS Flashcards

1
Q

How are cardiac congenital abnormalities classified ?

A

Cyanotic (L-R shunt or no shunt)

Acyanotic

No shunt (Anomalies of aortic arches or coarctition of aorta)

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2
Q

PDA (Patent Ductus Arteriosus)-cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic (L-R shunt)

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3
Q

What can cause a PDA?

A 
Low oxygen content
Circulating prostaglandins (PGE2)
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4
Q

What mediates PGE2

A

COX 2 isoform

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5
Q

How do you treat a PDA?

A

Cox 2 inhibitors

  • Ibuprofen
  • Indomethacin
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6
Q

What are the key characteristics of a PDA?

A
  • Continuous murmur
  • Poor eating
  • Sweating
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnea
  • Easily Fatigued
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a persistent ductus arteriosus?

A
  • High pressure in aorta goes into pulmonary trunk

- Can destroy capillary beds in lung

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8
Q

Is a ASD acyanotic or cyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

L to R shunt

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9
Q

What is ostium secundum? What is the embryological cause?

A

A common ASD with a patent foramen ovale

Excessive cell death and resorption of septum primum and inadequate development of septum secundum

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10
Q

What type of defect is a probe patent foramen ovale? What is the embryological cause?

A

ASD

Incomplete adhesion between foramen ovale and septum secundum after birth

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11
Q

What type of defect is ostium primum?What is the embryological cause? What is commonly associated with it?

A

ASD

Failure of the septum primum to fuse with the endocardial cushions

Mitral valve cleft

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12
Q

Are ventricular septal defects (VSDs) cyanotic or acyanotic? What is the embryological cause?

A

Acyanotic
L to R shunt
Did not form the membranous part of the interventricular septum with the heart

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13
Q

What is the embryological basis for a AV septal defect?

A

There is a failure of the endocardial cushions to fuse

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14
Q

Is an AV septal defect cyanotic or acyanotic?

A

Acyanotic

L to R shunt

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15
Q

What other features are common with an AV septal defect?

A

ASD
VSD
Abnormal valve leaflets

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16
Q

What population of individuals is at risk for developing an AV septal defect?

A

Down’s Syndrome

17
Q

What are the two types of AV Septal Defects?

A

Complete

Partial

18
Q

Describe a complete AV septal defect

A

Primum ASD that is contiguous with a VSD and common AV valve

19
Q

Describe a partial AV septal defect

A

Primum ASD with single AC valve annulus with 2 separate valve orifices
Mitral valve cleft

20
Q

“Corrected” Transposition of the Great Vessels. Cyanotic or Acyanotic? What is the embryological mechanism behind this defect?

A

Rt ventricle is where LV was but is connected to the aorta and LV is connected to pulmonary trunk

Caused by improper septation of the outflow tract and reversed rotation of the heart

21
Q

Is transposition of the great vessels cyanotic or acyanotic? What are characteristic features of the disease? What is the embryological mechanism to describe this defect?

A

Cyanotic
R to L Shunt

Have the RV attached to the aorta and LV attached to the pulmonary trunk (so you’re pumping deoxygenated blood throughout the body-causing cyanosis)

Caused by improper spiraling of NC cells

22
Q

Is a double outlet right ventricle cyanotic or acyanotic? What are some features of this defect? What is the embryological mechanism for this defect?

A

Cyanotic (R to L shunt)

The great vessels are receiving blood from RV
VSD also present in most cases

Caused by
Abnormal migration of bulbar ridges during septation
Misalignment of ventricular septum

23
Q

Is truncus arteriosus cyanotic or acyanotic? What are some characteristic features? What is the embryological mechanism for this defect?

A

Cyanotic (R to L shunt)

Single great vessel
Interventricular septal defect

Absence of bulbar and truncal ridges to form and migrate to midline

24
Q

****Is tetrology of fallot cyanotic or acyanotic? What are some of the features of this defect? What is the embryological mechanism accounting for this defect?

A

Cyanotic
R to L shunt

Features:
Pulmonary stenosis
Interventricular septal defect
Over-riding aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy

Caused by:
Abnormal septation of outflow tract

25
Q

Is critical pulmonary stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic? What are the features of this defect?

A 
Cyanotic
R to L shunt 
Cusps of pulmonary valves are fused or thickened
Decrease in pulmonary blood flow 
RV hypertrophy
26
Q

Is critical aortic stenosis cyanotic or acyanotic? What are some of the features of this defect?

A

Cyanotic
Decrease in systemic blood flow

Features

  • Tachypnea
  • Poor feeding
  • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
27
Q

Is hypoplastic left heart syndrome cyanotic or acyanotic? What are some embryological features of this defect? What is it dependent on?

A

Cyanotic
Decrease in systemic blood flow

Features:

  • Mitral valve stenosis or atresia
  • Left ventricle is hypoplastic (underdeveloped)
  • Aortic valve stenosis or atresia
  • Aortic arch hypoplastic

Dependent on PDA and ASD

EMBRYO YO (3 decks)

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