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EMBRYO > EMBRYO FINALS > Flashcards

EMBRYO FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

A 27-year-old mother underwent ultrasound at 7 months’ gestation. The results showed that there is an excessive amount of amniotic fluid. What are the other congenital malformations that may accompany this condition?

anencephaly

renal agenesis

lung hypoplasia

esophageal atresias

1st & 4th choices only

2nd & 3rd choices only

All of the above

Other:

A

1st & 4th choices only

( anencephaly and esophageal atresias)

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2
Q

The lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres connect with the third ventricle via:

Canal of Rodelsa

Interventricular foramina of Monro

Foremen of Lusckha

Aqueduct of Sylvius

Foramen magnum

A

Interventricular foramina of Monro

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3
Q

In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves fertilizing eggs in a culture médium and placing them in the uterus at the ____.

four-cell stage

eight-cell stage

twelve-cell stage

sixteen-cell stage

A

eight-cell stage

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4
Q

Which of these findings would most likely be seen in the first trimester of Ectopic Pregnancy than in Normal Pregnancy?

lack of menstrual period

abdominal pain

vaginal bleeding

empty uterus

2nd & 4th choices only

all of the above choices

Other:

A

2nd & 4th choices only

(abdominal pain and empty uterus)

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5
Q

This limb defect is characterized by shortening, bowing, and hypomineralization of the long bones of the limbs that can result in fractures and blue sclera. *

Holt-Oram Syndrome

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Club Foot

Marfan Syndrome

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

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6
Q

All laryngeal muscles are innervated by which nerve? *

Tenth cranial nerve

Vagus nerve

Both

A

Both

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7
Q

It refers to the bridging of the placenta across the internal os of the uterus during implantation:

placenta increta

placenta accreta

placenta percreta

placenta previa

A

placenta previa

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8
Q

It refers to the two breaks occuring on the either side of the centromere (i.e. q & p arms).

pericentric

paracentric

metacentric

acrocentric

A

pericentric

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9
Q

large head, short extremities, short fingers, and protruding abdomen

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

A

Achondroplasia

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10
Q

small head with failure of brain to grow

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

A

Microcephaly

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11
Q

cloverleaf skull

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

A

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

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12
Q

premature closure of the coronal suture on one side of the skull

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

A

Plagiocephaly

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13
Q

delayed closure of fontanelles with missing clavicles

Plagiocephaly

Achondroplasia

Microcephaly

cleidocranial dysostosis

thanatophoric dwarfism type II

A

cleidocranial dysostosis

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14
Q

Occurs in 1 per 20,000 individuals and is characterized by absence of the pectoralis minor and partial loss of the pectoralis major muscles.

Muscular dystrophy

Prune belly syndrome

Becker muscular dystrophy

Poland sequence

A

Poland sequence

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15
Q

Which of the following specifies the large intestine and rectum

CDXA

PDX1

SOX2

CDXQ

A

CDXA

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16
Q

A newborn infant had difficulty on breathing and was diagnosed to have diaphragmatic hernia. His abdominal contents have herniated through the defect into the thoracic cavity, and as a result, the infant suffers from pulmonary hypoplasia. This defect is due to?

Late division of Septum transversum

Persistence of the pleuroperitoneal membrane

Incomplete maturation of the pleuropericardial membrane

Epithelial –Mesenchymal discordance

Failure of Tracheo-esophageal ridge to divide

A

Incomplete maturation of the pleuropericardial membrane

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17
Q

Key factors that regulate growth and patterning of the limbs along the antero-posterior axis are:

WNT signals from the neural tube

FGFs from the AER Apical Ectodermal Ridge, of the limb buds

SHH from the ZPA Zone of Polarizing Activity, of the limb buds

BMPs in the ventral ectoderm of the limb buds

All of the above

A

SHH from the ZPA Zone of Polarizing Activity, of the limb buds

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18
Q

Smooth muscles in the coronary arteries are derived from:

Lateral plate mesoderm and neural crests

Somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm

Proepicardial cells and neural crest

Neural crest alone

A

Proepicardial cells and neural crest

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19
Q

What is the most common congenital cardiac malformation?

Valvular Stenosis

Ventral Septal Defects

Common Truncus Arteriosus

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Ventral Septal Defects

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20
Q

Which of these statements is TRUE regarding embryonic hematopoiesis:

liver, is major hematopoietic organ from second to seventh months of development.

bone marrow, is definitive blood-forming tissue, from seventh month of gestation onwards

aortagonad-mesonephros región, generator of hematopoietic stem cells prior to 8weeks

1st & 2nd choices only

All

A

1st & 2nd choices only

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21
Q

The presence of this prenatal chemical induces production of interleukin-1b which initiates uterine contraction

surfactant diffusion into the amniotic fluid and activates the macrophages

presence of amniotic fluid in the fetal lung

presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid

fetal movement produces interleukin-alpha (IL1-) that activates the macrophage to cross into the chorion.

All of the above

A

surfactant diffusion into the amniotic fluid and activates the macrophages

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22
Q

The remaining alveoli are formed during the first _______ of postnatal life.

11 years

10 years

16 years

12 years

A

10 years

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23
Q

A premature female infant is born at 25 weeks AOG and develops rapid, labored breathing shortly after birth. She was immediately given assisted ventilation and was diagnosed with Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Which of the following is most likely deficient in the infant?

Type 2 alveolar cells

Diaphragmatic hernia

Lung surfactant

Type 1 alveolar cells

Terminal saccules

A

Lung surfactant

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24
Q

Which of the following regulates the positioning of the limbs along the craniocaudal axis in the flank regions of embryo?

HOX GENES

FBGF10

TBX5

Option

A

HOX GENES

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25
Q

The tubotympanic recess widens and gives rise to the

Primitive Tympanic Cavity

Eustachian Tube

Auditory Tube

A

Primitive Tympanic Cavity

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26
Q

Expression of these genes blocks apoptosis of mesenchymal cells and stimulates proliferation in the metanephric mesenchyme. (1) PAX2 , (2) FGF2, (3) WNT9b, (4)BMP7, (5) HOX-4/11, (6) GDNF.

1 point

1 and 4 only

2 and 4 only

1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 only

All of the choices

A

2 and 4 only

FGF2

BMP7

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27
Q

Which of the following is/are TRUE regarding the rotation of the limbs during the 7th week of gestation?

  1. Upper and lower limbs are similar except the lower limb is approximately 1-2 days behind compared to the upper limb
  2. Upper limbs rotate 900 laterally while Lower limbs rotate 900 medially
  3. The upper limb makes the extensor muscles lie on the lateral and posterior surface, thumbs lie laterally,
  4. The lower limb makes the extensor muscles on the anterior surface and the big toe medially.
  5. Upper limb rotates 900 radially so that extensor muscles lie on the radial and anterior surface, thumbs lie posteriorly.

1st & 5th choices only

2nd, 3rd, & 4th choices only

All of the above

A

2nd, 3rd, & 4th choices only

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28
Q

Ring Chromosomes

epilepsy

ring chromosome 13

ring chromosome 20

ring chromosome 15

A

ring chromosome 20

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29
Q

Ring Chromosomes

mental retardation, dwarfism and microcephaly

ring chromosome 13

ring chromosome 20

ring chromosome 15

A

ring chromosome 15

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30
Q

Ring Chromosomes

mental retardation and dysmorphic facial features

ring chromosome 13

ring chromosome 20

ring chromosome 15

A

ring chromosome 13

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31
Q

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations:

EFNB1

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia.

Boston-type craniosynostosis

A

coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

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32
Q

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations:

MSX2

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia.

Boston-type craniosynostosis

A

Boston-type craniosynostosis

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33
Q

Bone Defects from Gene Mutations:

TWIST1

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

coronal suture synostosis and hypertelorism

craniosynostosis and several forms of skeletal dysplasia.

Boston-type craniosynostosis

A

Saethre-Chotzen syndrome

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34
Q

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias:

fused cervical vertebrae with short neck and reduced mobility

Klippel-Feil sequence

Pectus carinatum

spina bifida cystica

Pectus excavatum

A

Klippel-Feil sequence

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35
Q

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias:

flattening of the chest bilaterally with an anteriorly projecting sternum

Klippel-Feil sequence

Pectus carinatum

spina bifida cystica

Pectus excavatum

A

Pectus carinatum

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36
Q

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias:

neural tube fails to close, vertebral arches fail to form, and neural tissue is exposed.

Klippel-Feil sequence

Pectus carinatum

spina bifida cystica

Pectus excavatum

Spina bifida occulta

A

spina bifida cystica

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37
Q

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias:

depressed sternum that is sunken posteriorly

Klippel-Feil sequence

Pectus carinatum

spina bifida cystica

Pectus excavatum

Spina bifida occulta

A

Pectus excavatum

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38
Q

Craniofacial Defects and Skeletal Dysplasias:

imperfect fusión of bony vertebral arches covered by skin, intact spinal cord, with no neurological déficits

Klippel-Feil sequence

Pectus carinatum

spina bifida cystica

Pectus excavatum

Spina bifida occulta

A

Spina bifida occulta

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39
Q

Effect/s of situs inversus on the physiological function:

respiratory distress syndrome

no medical symptoms or complications

intestinal malabsorption

liver & heart failure

A

no medical symptoms or complications

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40
Q

Which of the following causes inhibition of cardiac development?

Expression of NKX2.5.

WTN proteins (3a and 8 )

Expression of fibroblast growth factor 8

All of the above

A

WTN proteins (3a and 8 )

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41
Q

Inherited causes of scoliosis include:

two successive vertebrae may fuse asymmetrically

half a vertebra could be missing

degenerative changes of the half of spine

1st & 2nd choices only

2nd & 3rd choices only

All of the above

A

1st & 2nd choices only

two successive vertebrae may fuse asymmetrically

half a vertebra could be missing

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42
Q

Removal of the AER apical ectodermal ridge will result to:

Regeneration of the entire limb bud from the underlying mesoderm

Formation of structures proximal to AER, but no formation of new distal structures

Regeneration of a new AER from adjacent epidermal tissue

Degeneration of the limb bud

Continued development in the progress zone after induction precedes removal of AER

A

Formation of structures proximal to AER, but no formation of new distal structures

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43
Q

This is characterized by Wilms tumor, aniridia, gonadoblastomas, and mental retardation, and is due to a microdeletion in chromosome 11 that includes both the PAX6 and WT1 genes that are only 700 kb apart.

WAGR syndrome

Potter Sequence

Multicystic dysplastic kidney

Congenital polycystic kidney disease

A

WAGR syndrome

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44
Q

Analyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient.

Klinefelter syndrome = 47, XXY

Edward’s syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18)

Patau syndrome, = 47,XY,+13 (trisomy 13)

Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21)

A

Edward’s syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18)

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45
Q

Transcription factor that specify esophagus and stomach?

CDXC

CDXA

PDX1

SOX2

A

SOX2

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46
Q

Without fertilization, the oocyte usually degenerates ____ after ovulation.

30 mins

6 days

24 hours

3 days

A

24 hours

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47
Q

Human fingerprints are formed from ridges and hollows of which layer of the epidermis:

Horny layer

Germinative layer

Corium

Spinous layer

Granular layer

A

Germinative layer

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48
Q

A condition where one or both testes fail to descend is called _____.

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Cryptorchidism

Hydrocele

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

A

Cryptorchidism

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49
Q

At the 5th month of life, the fetus can swallow an estimate of how many ml of amniotic fluid?

500 ml

200 ml

300 ml

400 ml

750 ml

A

400 ml

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50
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events by which the position of the limbs along the antero-posterior axis is specified:

HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on FGF expression and formation of the limb bud

HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activates FGF signaling, which turns on WNT expression and formation of the limb bud

HOX gene expression in the mesoderm activated WNT signaling, which activates FGF expression and formation of the limb bud

WNT signaling activates HOX gene expression, which turns on FGF expression and formation of the limb bud

FGF expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on HOX gene expression and formation of the limb bud

A

FGF expression in the mesoderm activates WNT signaling, which turns on HOX gene expression and formation of the limb bud

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51
Q

The following statements refer to vernix caseosa EXCEPT: *

formed by secretions from sebaceous glands

admixed with degenerated epidermal cells and hairs

protects the skin against congenital infections

whitish paste covering newborn skin

A

protects the skin against congenital infections

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52
Q

The phase when chiasmata are formed as random exchange of genetic material occurs between homologous Chromosomes

Diakinesis

Diplotene

Pachytene

Zygotene

A

Pachytene

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53
Q

The lateral plate component of mesoderm splits into _____.

Ectoderm and Mesoderm

Splanchnic and Somatic

Splanchnic and Visceral

Parietal and Somatic

A

Splanchnic and Somatic

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54
Q

The important diagnostic characteristic location of thyroglossal cysts

Midline of the neck

Posterior of pharyngeal region

Lateral of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Caudal of sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Midline of the neck

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55
Q

What is the distal end of the cecal bud that forms a narrow diverticulum? *

appendix

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

A

appendix

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56
Q

Near the oval window, the basilar membrane is attached by ¬¬¬¬___________________ to the side of the cochlea; farther along the cochlea, the fibers are ________________. *

shorter and stiffer; longer and stiffer

shorter and stiffer fibers; longer and more flexible

longer and more flexible; shorter and stiffer

longer and flexible; shorter and flexible

A

shorter and stiffer fibers; longer and more flexible

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57
Q

Sources of Dermis Derivative

face and neck

lateral plate mesoderm

paraxial mesoderm

neural crest cells

A

neural crest cells

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58
Q

Sources of Dermis Derivative

limbs and body wall

lateral plate mesoderm

paraxial mesoderm

neural crest cells

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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59
Q

Sources of Dermis Derivative

back

lateral plate mesoderm

paraxial mesoderm

neural crest cells

A

paraxial mesoderm

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60
Q

The pectinate line which delineates the endodermal and ectodermal region of the anal canal will undergo the following change in its lining epithelium:

Simple columnar to stratified squamous

Simple cubiodal to stratified squamous

Simple squamous to stratified squamous

Stratified squamous to simple columnar

A

Simple columnar to stratified squamous

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61
Q

Derivatives of skull bones:

laryngeal bone

paraxial mesoderm

neural crest cells

lateral plate mesoderm

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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62
Q

Derivatives of skull bones:

frontal bone

paraxial mesoderm

neural crest cells

lateral plate mesoderm

A

neural crest cells

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63
Q

Meckel cartilage condenses, ossifies and give rise to the following organ:

maxilla

zygomatic bone

mandible

temporal bone

A

mandible

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64
Q

What is a genetically determined eye abnormality of many children born to mothers who had Rubella between the fourth and seventh weeks of pregnancy that causes the lens to become opaque during intrauterine life?

Congenital Cataracts

Synophthalmia

Aniridia

Coloboma

A

Congenital Cataracts

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65
Q

Rare abnormality maybe caused by fetal infections.

Duplication of the fall bladder

Intra hepatic biliary atresia

Extra hepatic biliary atresia

Accessory hepatic ducts

A

Intra hepatic biliary atresia

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66
Q

The normal umbilical cord has:

1 artery, 1 vein

2 arteries, 1 vein

2 veins, 1 artery

2 arteries, 2 veins

1 artery, 1 vein, 2 capillaries

A

2 arteries, 1 vein

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67
Q

A 10 year old male has 2 extra digits medial to both big toes of the feet. During development, there is truncation of the posterior elements with preservation of anterior elements, the most likely cause of these defects is:

failure of neural crest cell migration and/or differentiation.

loss of the Zone of Polarizing Activity in the developing limb

duplication of the Zone of Polarizing Activity in the developing limb.

loss or disruption of signaling from the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in the developing limb.

loss or disruption of signaling from the Ventral Ectoderm in the developing limb

A

loss or disruption of signaling from the Apical Ectodermal Ridge in the developing limb.

???

68
Q

The nucleus of Edinger-Westphal is found in:

Alar plate of Metencephalon

Basal plate of myelencephalon

Alar plate of myelencephalon

Basal plate of the mesencephalon

Alar plate of the mesencephalon

A

Basal plate of the mesencephalon

69
Q

How will you counsel the following parents on the probability of producing abnormalities in their children?

0% sons, all carrier daughters

0% sons, 100% daughters

100% sons, 0% daughters

100% sons, 100% daughters

50% sons, half carrier daughters

50% sons, 50% daughters

A

100% sons, 100% daughters

70
Q

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECTS

Intestines have herniated through the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilicus.

Gastroschisis

Cloacal exstrophy

Omphalocele

A

Gastroschisis

71
Q

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECT

Occurs when a portion of the gut tube fails to return to the abdominal cavity following its normal herniation into the umbilical cord.

Gastroschisis

Cloacal exstrophy

Omphalocele

A

Omphalocele

72
Q

VENTRAL BODY WALL DEFECTS

Most of pelvic region failed to close, exposing the bladder, part of rectum, and anal canal.

Gastroschisis

Cloacal exstrophy

Omphalocele

A

Cloacal exstrophy

73
Q

Mesenchyme surrounding the cochlear duct soon differentiates into cartilage. In the 10TH week, this cartilaginous shell undergoes vacuolization, resulting to the formation of the following:

scala vestibuli

scala media

scala tympani

scala cochlea

1st & 3rd choices only

2nd & 4th choices only

All of the above

A

1st & 3rd choices only

74
Q

Is the absence of the eye, in some cases, histological analysis reveals some ocular tissue. The defect is usually accompanied by severe cranial abnormalities.

Microphthalmia

Synophthalmia

Aniridia

Anophthalmia

A

Anophthalmia

75
Q

CREATION THEORY

Moon

4th day (Wed)

7th day (Sat)

5th day (Thurs)

6th day (Fri)

A

4th day (Wed)

76
Q

CREATION THEORY

Creator rested & blessed the day

4th day (Wed)

7th day (Sat)

5th day (Thurs)

6th day (Fri)

A

7th day (Sat)

77
Q

CREATION THEORY

Woman

4th day (Wed)

7th day (Sat)

5th day (Thurs)

6th day (Fri)

A

6th day (Fri)

78
Q

CREATION THEORY

marine creatures

4th day (Wed)

7th day (Sat)

5th day (Thurs)

6th day (Fri)

A

5th day (Thurs)

79
Q

The following statements are TRUE of Complete Mole:

caused by a single sperm combining with an egg which has lost its DNA.

caused by two sperms combining with an egg which has lost its DNA.

caused by a single sperm combining with 2 eggs that have joined their DNA.

1st & 2nd choices only

2nd & 3rd choices only

All of the above

A

1st & 2nd choices only

80
Q

In the development of the nails, the nail fields grow in this direction to form the nail roots & become the nails.

proximally

distally

anteriorly

laterally

Other:

A

proximally

81
Q

Originally, the correct accounting of one DAY is the

starts at 12 midnight till next day time

starts from morning (daytime) to evening (midnight)

starts at daylight till sunset of same day

starts from evening (sunset) to next morning (daytime)

A

starts from evening (sunset) to next morning (daytime)

82
Q

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc:

extraembryonic mesoderm lining the inside of the cytotrophoblast

chorionic cavity

exocoelomic cysts

amniotic cavity

extraembryonic mesoderm

A

chorionic cavity

83
Q

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc:

a small cavity within the epiblast

chorionic cavity

exocoelomic cysts

amniotic cavity

extraembryonic mesoderm

A

amniotic cavity

84
Q

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc:

pinched off from exocoelomic cavity

chorionic cavity

exocoelomic cysts

amniotic cavity

extraembryonic mesoderm

A

exocoelomic cysts

85
Q

Parts of Bilaminar Germ Disc:

fine, loose connective tissue, filling space between the trophoblast externally and the amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally.

chorionic cavity

exocoelomic cysts

amniotic cavity

extraembryonic mesoderm

A

extraembryonic mesoderm

86
Q

Organ Positioning:

normal arrangement of internal organs

situs inversus

situs solitus

situs ambiguus or heterotaxy,

A

situs solitus

87
Q

Organ Positioning:

major visceral organs are reversed or mirrored from their normal position

situs inversus

situs solitus

situs ambiguus or heterotaxy

A

situs inversus

88
Q

Organ Positioning:

liver midline, spleen absent or multiple, bowel malrotated

situs inversus

situs solitus

situs ambiguus or heterotaxy

A

situs ambiguus or heterotaxy

89
Q

What is the most common congenital malformation of the head and neck region? *

Unilateral cleft lip

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Ankyloglossia

Anterior cleft palate

Posterior cleft palate

A

Unilateral cleft lip

90
Q

This/These hormone(s) stimulate(s) the paramesonephric duct to develop into main genital ducts of the female:

Mullerian Inhibitory Substance

Testosterone

Estrogen

Progesterone

1st & 3rd choices only

2nd & 4th choices only

All of the above

A

1st & 3rd choices only (estrogen and MIS)

91
Q

What is the key regulatory gene for eye development? *

SOX2

PAX6

SHH

CHX10

A

PAX6

92
Q

The fetus starts to produce urine when the excretory unit has differentiated which is approximately at what age of gestation?

4th week

8th week

6th week

5th week

10th week

A

10th week

93
Q

The following are true of Gastrulation EXCEPT

the process that establishes all three germ layers in the embryo.

begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the hypoblast.

starts on a 15- to 16-day embryo

the most characteristic event occurring during the third week of gestation

A

begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the hypoblast. [epiblast]

94
Q

Most common occurring abnormality of the conotruncal region due to unequal division of the conus from anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

Tetralogy of Fallot

Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery

Transposition of the great vessels

Persistent truncus arteriosus

DiGeorge sequence

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

95
Q

A 9-month old male infant presents to the orthopedic clinic with absence of arm-forearm. The mother reports having been in excellent health and not taking any medication at any point during her pregnancy, and she similarly denies alcohol and tobacco use either before or during her pregnancy. However, she does mention that she has a cousin and a great aunt who had upper limb defects. Based on the history, you strongly suspect that this family most likely harbors a mutation that results in the loss or disruption of what class of genes?

BMP genes (e.g. BMP4)

FGF genes (e.g. FGF8)

HOX genes (e.g. HOXA10)

WNT genes

HEDGEHOG genes (e.g. SHH)

A

HOX genes (e.g. HOXA10)

96
Q

A term newborn male has coughing, choking, and cyanosis prior to feeding. A nasogastric tube is placed and meets resistance at 10cm. Prenatal history is significant for polyhydramnios. Which of the following is most likely to be found in this infant? *

Congenital heart defects

Esophageal atresia

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Vertebral defects

Anal atresia

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

97
Q

Mammary Gland Abnormalities:

accessory nipples formation from persistence of fragments of the mammary line

Polythelia

Polymastia

A

Polythelia

98
Q

Mammary Gland Abnormalities:

remnant of the mammary line develops into a complete breast

Polythelia

Polymastia

A

Polymastia

99
Q

In a double aortic arch, what structure surrounds the trachea and esophagus and commonly compresses these structures, causing difficulties in breathing and swallowing?

Ligamentum arteriosum

Aortic ring

Vascular ring

Vascular ligament

A

Vascular ring

100
Q

It is a congenital disorder caused by the persistence of the lumen of the intraembryonic portion of the allantois.

Urachal cyst

Urachal Fistula

Median umbilical ligament

Urachal Sinus

A

Urachal Fistula

101
Q

The major growth promoting factor during development before and after birth is?

Insulin-like growth hormone

Placental hormone

Growth hormone

Fibroblast growth factor

Trophoblastic hormone

A

Insulin-like growth hormone

102
Q

The most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus is:

Maternal infection

Aqueductal stenosis

Failure of craniopore to close

anencephaly

TB of the brain

A

Aqueductal stenosis

103
Q

At what age will the fetus start to have its own fingerprint? *

4months

3months

2months

5months

A

4months

104
Q

In Arnold-Chiari malformation, usually which brain component herniates into the foramen magnum to cause the hydrocephalus?

Cerebellum

Pineal body

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebellum

105
Q

This heart defect occurs when there is mutation in the TBX5 gene and is characterized by preaxial limb abnormalities and ASDs.

Hypoplastic heart syndrome

Holt-Oram syndrome

Tricuspid atresia

Ebstein anomaly

A

Holt-Oram syndrome

106
Q

Where do collecting ducts of permanent kidney develop from?

Major Calyces

Renal corpuscle

Urogenital ridge

Ureteric Bud

A

Ureteric Bud

107
Q

Timing for Implantation site bleeding occurs at:

near the 28th day of the next expected menstrual cycle

around 13-14th day of gestation

around 2months from last menstrual period

1st & 2nd choices only

all of the above

Other:

A

1st & 2nd choices only

108
Q

Solid epithelial plate, occasionally persist until birth which causes congenital deafness.

Auricle

Incus

Meatal plug

Cochlea

A

Meatal plug

109
Q

Analyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient.

Trisomy X= 47,XXX

Cri du chat= 46,XY,del[5][p14.2]

47,XYY

Turner syndrome (Monosomy X) = 45,X

A

47,XYY

110
Q

The following gastrointestinal tract structures undergo developmental rotation except:

midgut

stomach

ventral pancreas

duodenum

hindgut

A

ventral pancreas

111
Q

What is the master gene for eye development?

SHH

SIX3

PAX6

PAX2

A

PAX6

112
Q

Which of the following statements about mammary gland is NOT TRUE?

axilla is part of the mammary ridge

mammary glands are modified sebaceous glands

mammary ridges appear at 7 weeks and disappear before the mature breast tissue are developed

at puberty, secretory cells and alveoli are developed

at birth lactiferous ducts have no secretory apparatus

A

mammary glands are modified sebaceous glands

113
Q

The transport of spermatozoa from the cervix to the uterine tube could last for ___:

3-24 hours

30 min - 6 days

3min – 3days

A

30 min - 6 days

114
Q

During the _______ week, the lips of the ________ fuse, and the mouth of the optic cup becomes a round opening, the future _________. *

Seventh, choroid fissure, posterior chamber

Seventh, choroid fissure, pupil

Sixth, choroid fissure, anterior chamber

Sixth, choroid fissure, pupil

Seventh, lens placode, pupil

A

Seventh, choroid fissure, pupil

115
Q

The testes reach the inguinal region by approximately _____, migrate through the inguinal canal by _____, and reach the scrotum by ______.

10 weeks; 25 weeks; 31 weeks

12 weeks; 24 weeks; 36 weeks

12 weeks; 28 weeks; 33 weeks

11 weeks; 22 weeks; 30 weeks

9 weeks; 24 weeks; 34 weeks

A

12 weeks; 28 weeks; 33 weeks

116
Q

What is the most common ear ossicle to be involved in conductive hearing loss?

Incus

Stapes

Malleus

A

Stapes

117
Q

Cells of this layer are usually cast off during the second part of intrauterine life and can be found in the amniotic fluid.

Periderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Intermediate layer

A

Periderm

118
Q

1 point

A 7 week-old male was brought in to ER for projectile vomiting for 5 days. History revealed erythromycin medication for cough. Physical examination unmasked a palpable olive-shaped mass on the right side of the epigastrium, together with jaundice and of course, dehydration. His medical condition is called _____.

Duplication of the gallbladder

Biliary atresia

Physiologic jaundice

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Esophageal atresia with distal fistula distending the stomach

A

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

119
Q

With the descent of the ovary, the first two parts develop into the uterine tube, and the caudal parts fuse to form the ____.

Uterovesical pouch

Uterorectal pouch

Urogenital ridge

Uterine canal

A

Uterine canal

120
Q

nalyze the karyotypes of these specimens & Determine the disease of this patient. *

To prevent neural tube defects, what is the recommended dose of folic acid to prevent its incidence?

40 ug/day

4 ug/day

4000 ug/day

4 mg/day

400 ug/day

A

400 ug/day

121
Q

Ultrasound revealed the presence of the right kidney in a 3-year old boy to be immediately anterior to the right common iliac artery. This congenital variation is called as ______.

Exstrophy of the kidney

Ectopic kidney

Pelvic Kidney

Horseshoe kidney

A

Pelvic Kidney

122
Q

Analyze the karyotype of these specimen & Determine the disease of this patient.

Trisomy X= 47,XXX

Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia = 46,XY,idem,del(6)(q14q22)[8]

Prader Willi Syndrome = 45,XY,-15,der(19)t(15;19)(q13;13.3)

Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome = 46, XY,4 [del(4)(p16)]

A

Prader Willi Syndrome = 45,XY,-15,der(19)t(15;19)(q13;13.3)

123
Q

At this point in the development, herniated intestinal loops begin to return to the abdominal cavity.

10th week

7th week

6th week

12th week

A

10th week

124
Q

This factor has been linked to promoting abnormal vessel growth like Hemangiomas: *

FGF2

EPHRINB2

insulin-like growth factor 2

A

insulin-like growth factor 2

125
Q

Growth in length is striking during what age of gestation?

3rd month

4th month

5th month

All of the above

None of the above

A

All of the above

126
Q

The use of thalidomide is regulated in pregnant patients due to associated limb defects. At what week of fetal development is most sensitive for such anomalies?

7-8 weeks

2-3 weeks

5-6 weeks

4-5 weeks

3-4 weeks

A

4-5 weeks

127
Q

Analyze the karyotype of these specimen & Determine the disease of this patient.

Klinefelter syndrome = 47, XXY

Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21)

Patau syndrome, = 47,XY,+13 (trisomy 13)

Edward’s syndrome = 47,XY,+18 (trisomy 18)

A

Down syndrome = 47,XY,+21(trisomy 21)

128
Q

Evaluate the Chromosomal Abnormalities:

Triploid

Inversion

Translocation

Deletion

A

Translocation

129
Q

The vitelline duct with the yolk sac should degenerate during this period:

between the second and third weeks of gestation

between the third and fifth weeks of gestation

between the second and third months of gestation.

between the second and third trimester of gestation

A

between the second and third months of gestation.

130
Q

A defect in the male genitalia where the fusion of the urethral folds is incomplete, and abnormal openings of the urethra occur along the inferior aspect of the penis, usually near the glans, along the shaft or near the base of the penis.

Micropenis

Epispadias

Bifid penis

Hypospadias

A

Hypospadias

131
Q

Mutations in what gene result in aniridia and may also contribute to anophthalmia and microphthalmia?

PAX2

PAX6

SHH

HOX gene

A

PAX6

132
Q

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS

lymphatic vessel differentiation

PROX1

NOTCH and WNT

EPHRINB2

A

PROX1

133
Q

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS:

establish the segmentation clock

PROX1

NOTCH and WNT

EPHRINB2

A

NOTCH and WNT

134
Q

MOLECULAR REGULATIONS:

specifies arterial development

PROX1

NOTCH and WNT

EPHRINB2

A

EPHRINB2

135
Q

The heart begins to beat during this period of development:

2nd week

5th week

3rd week

4th week

A

4th week

136
Q

What do you call a spectrum of defects in which the eyes are partially or completely fused caused by a loss of midline tissue that may occur as early as days 19 to 21 of gestation or at later stages when facial development is initiated?

Aniridia

Synophthalmia

Coloboma

Congenital Cataracts

A

Synophthalmia

137
Q

Infants usually have a triad of micrognathia, cleft palate, and glossoptosis. Occurs in aporoximately 1/8,500 births.

Ectopic thymic tissue

Robin sequence

Internal branchial fistulas

Treacher Collins syndrome

A

Robin sequence

138
Q

The fibrous protein that is responsible for the strength and water resistance of the skin

Keratohyalin

Chondroitin

Collagen

Elastin

Keratin

A

Keratin

139
Q

A bladder defect that if only a local area of the allantois persist, secretory activity of its lining results in cystic dilation.

urachus fistula

extrophy of cloaca

urachus cyst

urachus sinus

A

urachus cyst

140
Q

Which of the following condition/s differentiate/s between Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins?

B

B & c

C

A

A & B

A

A

141
Q

Which of the following pairing/s are correct?

sclera : inner layer

choroid : inner layer

1st & 3rd choices only

sclera : outer layer

All of the above

2nd & 4th choices only

choroid : outer layer`

A

2nd & 4th choices only

142
Q

A week old child was brought in to your clinic with an ambiguous genitalia. Physical examination revealed a painlesss abdominal tumor. Further work-up revealed acute renal failure secondary to the presence of a bilateral kidney tumor. What is likely the diagnosis?

Potter Sequence

Bardet-Biedl syndrome

WAGR Syndrome

Meckel-Gruber Syndrome

Denys-Drash syndrome

A

Denys-Drash syndrome

143
Q

Kidneys that are pushed so close together during passage through the arterial forl and lower poles fuse is a condition called_______.

Urachal cyst

Accessory renal arteries

Pelvic kidney disease

Horseshoe kidney

A

Horseshoe kidney

144
Q

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH

5-8mm

5 weeks

8 weeks

6 weeks

A

5 weeks

145
Q

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH

28-30mm

5 weeks

8 weeks

6 weeks

A

8 weeks

146
Q

CORRELATE EMBRYO AGE AS TO CROWN RUMP LENGTH

10-14mm

5 weeks

8 weeks

6 weeks

A

6 weeks

147
Q

Disruption of this particular target tissue during cardiac embryogenesis results in restrictions to cardiac looping forming dextrocardia

Secondary Heart field

Conotruncus

Aortic arches

Primary heart field

Heart tube

A

Heart tube

148
Q

A trisomy of this chromosome is the most commonly detected trisomy in spontaneous abortus tissue

18

13

16

21

A

16

149
Q

The length of pregnancy is exactly _________ days after the onset of LMP

266

280

288

320

268

A

280

150
Q

At the completion of Meiosis II, how many polar bodies are produced in total during Oogenesis?

3

1

4

2

A

3

151
Q

Continuous lengthening of the excretory tubule results in the formation of the following, except?

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Bowman’s capsule

A

Bowman’s capsule

152
Q

This muscle abnormality is associated with brachydactyl and syndactyl digits and is characterized by absence of truncal muscles

Prune belly syndrome

Muscular dystrophy

Poland sequence

Congenital muscular atrophy

Duchenne muscle dystrophy

A

Poland sequence

153
Q

Congenital absence of the neural crest cells could result in

Absence of sympathetic chain ganglia

Facial malformations

Absence of adrenal medulla

Absence of pigment cells

All of the above are correct

A

All of the above are correct

154
Q

The following statements refer to the growth and formation of membranous bones EXCEPT:

simultaneous osteoclastic resorption from the inside.

characterized by the presence of needle-like bone spicules.

membranous bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on the inner surface.

spicules progressively radiate from primary ossification centers toward the periphery.

A

membranous bones enlarge by apposition of new layers on the inner surface.

155
Q

Syndactyly is caused by

Excessive apoptosis

Incorrect rotation of the limbs

Absence of apoptosis

Failure of AER to differentiate

None of the above

A

Absence of apoptosis

156
Q

A 40 – year old G0P0 female came to a fertility clinic for artificial insemination. After the procedure, she was positive for pregnancy. At 6 months age of gestation, the mother had a premature labor and gave birth to stillborn twins. One twin was notably much bigger and more developed than the other twin. What condition explains this pregnancy outcome?

Conjoined twins

Twin – twin transfusion

Single umbilical artery

Vanishing twin

A

Twin – twin transfusion

157
Q

A 35-year-old mother who is D (Rh) – negative prematurely gave birth to a stillborn child. The child was noted to be anemic and grossly edematous. The following statements are true regarding this condition:

This condition is caused by maternal antibody response against fetal blood cells of a D (Rh) – positive child.

The fetus has the condition called fetal Hydrops.

This condition can be treated by Rh immunoglobulin at 28 weeks’ gestation.

1st & 2nd choices only.

All of the above.

A

All of the above.

158
Q

A 1 month-old infant was brought in for abdominal enlargement and explosive diarrhea. Xray shows dilated proximal sigmoid colon. Which of the following statements regarding Hirschsprung’s disease is true:

This is caused by failed expression of SHH to secrete your HOX gene, which initiates neural crest migration to the bowel wall

It mostly affects the entire colon

Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the distal sigmoid colon

Failure of urorectal septum to rupture

Absence of sympathetic ganglia in the proximal sigmoid colon

A

Absence of parasympathetic ganglia in the distal sigmoid colon

159
Q

It is from where the muscular part of the diaphragm is derived.

Myoblasts and somites

Myoblasts from somites at cervical segments 3-5

Myoblasts

A

Myoblasts from somites at cervical segments 3-5

160
Q

It is a testis-determining factor, under its influence male development occurs, and its absence, female development is established.

X chromosome

XY chromosome complex

SRY protein

Tunica albuginea

Y chromosome

A

SRY protein

161
Q

The a-fetoprotein [AFP] concentrations in maternal serum and the amniotic fluid are elevated in:

Omphalocele

gastroschisis

both

A

both

162
Q

Intervertebral disc is formed by the following:

central annulus fíbrosus, surrounded by circular fibers of nucleus pulposus.

central nucleus pulposus, surrounded by circular fibers of annulus fíbrosus.

peripheral nucleus pulposus, lying beside fibers of annulus fíbrosus.

central nucleus pulposus, fused with myotomes.

A

central nucleus pulposus, surrounded by circular fibers of annulus fíbrosus.

163
Q

Specification of the lymphatic lineage is regulated by this transcription factor

PROX1

WNT14

VEGF3

All of the above

A

PROX1

164
Q

This may be due to abnormalities of the hair cells or auditory nerve ganglia

Sensorineural loss

Treacher Collins syndrome

Conductive hearing loss

A

Sensorineural loss

165
Q

It’s the process of forming the brain and spinal cord.

Brain Genesis

Neurulation

Neurogenesis

Germination

A

Neurulation

166
Q

The intervillous space contains all of the following substances EXCEPT:

Oxygen

Electrolytes

Maternal blood cells

Fetal blood

Carbon dioxide

A

Fetal blood

167
Q

Which gene specifically regulates the tooth patterning from incisors to molars?

BMP

FGF

HOX

SHH

A

HOX

EMBRYO (1 decks)

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