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FA CARDIO > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Truncus Arteriosus

A

Ascending Aorta and pulmonary trunk

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2
Q

Bulbus cordis

A

smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles

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3
Q

Primitive atrium

A

trabeculated part of R and L atria

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4
Q

Primitive ventricle

A

Trabeculated part ofR and L ventricles

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5
Q

primary pulmonary vein

A

smooth part of the L atrium

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6
Q

Left horn of sinus venosus

A

coronary sinus

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7
Q

right horn of sinus venosus

A

(sinus venarum) smooth part of R atrium

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8
Q

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

A

SVC

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9
Q

Which organ functions first?

A

heart

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10
Q

When does the heart beat?

A

spontaneously by week 4 of development

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11
Q

when is the embryonic period of development?

A

weeks 3 to 8

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12
Q

What is cardiac looping?

A

when the primary hear tube loops to establish left-right polarity

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13
Q

when does cardiac looping occur?

A

week 4 of gestation

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14
Q

in what disease do you see dextrocardia?

A

Kartagner syndrome

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15
Q

what is another name for Kartagner syndrome?

A

1 ciliary diskinesia

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16
Q

What defect do you see in dextrocardia?

A

defect in L-R dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry)

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17
Q

What are the other findings of Kartagner syndrome?

A

situs inversus, bronchiectasis, infertility in male and female ( immotile sperm, dysfunctional fallopian tube cilia), recurrent sinusitis, dextrocardia on xray

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18
Q

What is the defect of Kartagner syndrome?

A

immotile cilia due to defect in dynein arm

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19
Q

what are the steps in the separation of the atria?

A
  1. septum primum grows toward endocardial cushion ( narrowing the foramen premium)
  2. foramen second forms in septum premium (foramen premium disappears)
  3. septum secundum develops as foramen secundum maintains R to L shunt
  4. septum secundum expands and covers most of foramen secundum ( the residual foramen is the foramen ovale)
  5. remaining portion of septum premium forms the valve of the form ovale
  6. septum secundum and primum fuse to form atrial septum
  7. foramen ovale closes soon after birth because increase LA pressure
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20
Q

when does the foramen ovale close?

A

soon after birth because of an increase in LA pressure

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21
Q

what is it called when it stays open?

A

Patent foramen ovale

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22
Q

patent foramen ovale

A

caused by failure of septum premium and septum scandium to fuse after birth. most are left untreated

can lead to paradoxical emboli (venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation), similar to those resulting from an ASD

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23
Q

what is a paradoxical emboli?

A

venous thromboemboli that enter systemic arterial circulation

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24
Q

what are the steps in ventricle septation?

A
  1. muscular ventricular septum forms . Opening is called inter ventricular foramen
  2. aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous inter ventricular septum, closing the inter ventricular foramen
  3. growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial separation and membranous portion of the interventricular septum
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25
Q

what contributes to both atrial separation and membranous portion of the inter ventricular septum?

A

endocardial cushion

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26
Q

what separates the atria from the ventricles?

A

endocardial cushion

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27
Q

what is the outflow tract?

A

smooth part of R and L ventricles

28
Q

how does the outflow tract form?

A

truncus arteriosus rotates

neural crest + endocardial cell migration –> truncal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum –> ascending and pulmonary trunk

29
Q

what cells cause the outflow tract to begin formation?

A

neural crest and endocardial cell migrations

30
Q

what forms the Aorticopulmonary septum?

A

truncal bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse

31
Q

Aorticopulmonary septum divides _____ and ______.

A

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

32
Q

What abnormalities can you see with a defect in the formation of the outflow tract?

A

Transposition of the great vessels, Tetralogy of Fallot, and Persistent trunks arterioles

33
Q

how do the A/P valves develop

A

they are derived from the endocardial cushion of outflow tract

34
Q

how are the M/T valves developed

A

they are derived from fused endocardial cushion of the AV canal

35
Q

list some valve anomalies

A

stenotic, regurgitant, atretic (tricuspid atresia) or displaced (ebstein anomaly)

36
Q

which valves accelerate the normal aging process?

A

congenital bicuspid aortic valves

37
Q

congenital bicuspid aortic valves leads to ______ in the ____ and ___ decades.

A

calcific aortic stenosis, 6th and 7th

38
Q

in a patient without the defect, congenital bicuspid aortic valves.. what is found in the 8th and 9th decades?

A

senile calcific aortic stenosis

39
Q

where does fetal erythropoiesis occur?

A

yolk sac, liver, spleen, BM

40
Q

List and date where fetal erythropoiesis occurs:

A

Yolk sac ( 3- 8 wks)
liver (6 wks to birth)
spleen (10wks to 28wks)
BM (18 wks to adult)

41
Q

embryonic globins

A

ζε ( 2 zeta chains and 2 epsilon chains)

42
Q

fetal globins

A

HbF = α2γ2

43
Q

Adult globins

A

HbA1 =α2b2

44
Q

Which hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

HbF

45
Q

why does HbF have a higher affinity for O2?

A

due to less avid binding of 2,3 BPG, allowing HbF to extract O2 from maternal hemoglobin (HbA1 and HbA2) across the placenta

46
Q

where do you see blood of a fetus with a PO2 of = 30mmHG and =80% saturation of O2

A

Umbilican vein

47
Q

which fetal arteries/veins have a low O2 saturation?

A

Umbilical arteries

48
Q

how many shunts do we see in fetal circulation?

A

three- ductus venosus,foramen ovale, pda

49
Q

blood entering the fetus thru umbilical vein is conducted via:

A

the ductus venosus into the ivc, bypassing the hepatic circulation

50
Q

fetus: the ductus venosus bypasses which circulation?

A

hepatic circulation

51
Q

fetus: most of the highly oxygenated blood reaching the heart via the IVC is directed through the:

A

foramen ovale and pumped into the aorta to supply the head and body

52
Q

fetus: deoxygenated blood from SVC passes through:

A

RA->RV->->main pulmonary artery->PDA->descending aorta; this shunt is due to high fetal pulmonary artery resistance (due partly to low O2 tension)

53
Q

what happens at birth when the infant takes a breath?

A

decrease resistance in pulmonary vasculature–> increase left atrial pressure vs R atrial pressure; foramen ovale closure, and ductus arteriosus

54
Q

what causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus?

A

increase in oxygen (from breath), and decrease in PG from placental separation

55
Q

what helps close a PDA?

A

indomethacin

56
Q

what is the remnant of ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

57
Q

what keeps a PDA open?

A

PG E1 and E2

58
Q

which duct connects the bladder to the umbilicus in the fetus?

A

allantoic duct

59
Q

urachus is part of the

A

allantoic duct

it is a fibrous remnant of the allantois

60
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the Allantois->urachus

A

median umbilical ligament

61
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

62
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the ductus venosus

A

ligamentum venosum

63
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

64
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the notochord

A

nucleus pulposus

65
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the umbilical arteries

A

medial umbilical ligaments

66
Q

what is the post natal derivative of the umbilical vein

A

ligamentum teres hepatis

67
Q

the ligament trees hepatis is contained in

A

falciform ligament

FA CARDIO (4 decks)

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