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Cardiovascular System > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

In vasculogenesis, blood islands appear in the ____________ mesoderm during the __________ week of development.

A

Lateral plate mesoderm
3rd week

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2
Q

In vasculogenesis,
Blood islands at the cranial end of the embryo merge to form a ___________ shaped tube lined with _________________. This tube is then surrounded by __________, forming the cardiogenic field.

A

Blood islands @ cranial end merge → horseshoe shaped tube
- lined w endothelial cells
- surrounded by myoblasts
→ cardiogenic field

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3
Q

After formation of the cardiogenic field, the early heart tube expands into the new forming ________________, before folding into its 4 chambers.

A

Pericardial cavity

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4
Q

Once surrounded by the pericardial cavity, the primitive heart tube folds to develop 2 bulges:
1) _____________________
2) _____________________
These continue to bend to create the cardiac (bulboventricular) loop during the ___________ week of development

A

1) Cranial budge → bulbus cordis
2) Caudal bulge → primitive ventricle

4th week of development

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5
Q

What is the order of structures in the early heart tube from cranial to caudal?

A

1) Truncus arteriosus
2) Bulbus cordis
3) Primitive ventricle
4) Primitive atrium
5) Sinus venosum

(Blood flows in opposite direction)

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6
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?

A

Pulmonary artery and ascending aorta

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7
Q

What does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

RV and outflow tracts

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8
Q

What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?

A

LV

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9
Q

What does the primitive aorta give rise to?

A

RA/LA

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10
Q

The sinus venosus is formed by ____________________________.

A

The major embryonic veins:
1) common cardinal
2) umbilical
3) vitelline

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11
Q

With time, venous draining is prioritise to the (L/R) side of the embryo and the (L/R) sinus horn becomes smaller to form the __________________ which _____________. The other becomes part of the ______.

A

Venous draining prioritise R →IVC
L smaller → coronary sinus

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12
Q

A single pulmonary vein on the (R/L) side of the ___________ divides to form the 4 pulmonary veins.

A

L side of primitive atrium

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13
Q

The process of dividing the heart tube into its 4 chambers is known as _____________ and involves the inward growth of the __________ (cushions) to meet and split the atrium, ventricles, bulbus cordis, and atrioventricular canal.

A

Septation (~5weeks)
- inwards growths of endocardium (endocardial cushions)

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14
Q

Describe the formation of the L and R atria from the primitive atrium.

A

1) Septum primum (tissue from roof of primitive atrium) extends to meet the endocardial cushions
→ ostium primum (gap btwn septum primum and endocardial cushions)

2) Septum secundum (2nd tissue from roof) extends to lean against septum primum
→ ostium secundum (gap btwn septum secundum and endocardial cushions)

→ 1-way valve allowing blood to shunt from RA to LA
→ Foramen ovale

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15
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A one-way valve formed by septum primum and secundum that allows for shunting of blood from RA to LA during fetal development?

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16
Q

How does the foramen ovale close physiologically?

A

Change in pressure between atria at birth holds the septum primum closed against septum secundum → foramen ovale permanently sealed

17
Q

Describe the formation of the left and right ventricle.

A

1) Muscular interventricular septum arise from floor of ventricles towards endocardial cushions → temporary interventricular foramen

2) Endocardial cushion extends inferiorly → complete interventricular septum
→ close interventricular foramen

18
Q

What does the sinus venosus give rise to?

A

Left horn → Coronary Sinus

Right horn:
Umbilical vein → degenerate
Common cardinal vein → SVC
Vitelline vein → IVC

19
Q

Describe the splitting of the primitive outflow tracts to form pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems.

A

1) Ridge forms from inner part of truncus arteriosus → aorta

2) Ridge forms between either sides of bulbus cordis → pulmonary trunk

20
Q

What is the tetralogy of fallot formed by?

A

Abnormal division of truncus arteriosus

21
Q

Describe the process of vasculogenesis.

A

1) Mesodermal cells differentiate → hemangioblasts differentiate → haematopoietic stem cells + angioblasts

2) Angioblasts →blood vessels

22
Q

What is the difference between angiogenesis and vasculogenesis?

A

Angiogenesis:
- formation of new blood vessels from exisiting blood vessels

Vasculogenesis
- formation of blood vessels from angioblasts (from mesodermal cells)

23
Q

What is the function of the vitelline vessels?

A

Blood flow between embryo and yolk sac

24
Q

What do the vitelline arteries give rise to?

A

3 anterior branches of abdominal aorta:
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

25
Q

What do the vitelline veins give rise to?

A

IVC and hepatic veins

26
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vessels?

A

Blood flow between chorion of placenta and embryo

27
Q

Umbilical veins carry (de-/O2) blood to the embryo.

A

Umbilical vein: O2 blood to fetal heart
Umbilical artery: De-O2 blood to placenta

28
Q

What does the umbilical vein give rise to?

A

Ligamentum teres

29
Q

What do the umbilical arteries give rise to?

A

Internal iliac, Superior vesical arteries, Ligaments

30
Q

What is the function of the cardinal veins?

A

Drain head, shoulder, abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs

31
Q

What do the cardinal veins give rise to?

A

1) Vena cavae
2) Brachiocephalic veins
3) Azygos veins
4) Hemiazygos veins

32
Q

Describe the flow of oxygenated blood form the placenta to the aorta.

A

Umbilical vein → ductus venosus
→ 1/2 go liver, 1/2 go to IVC

IVC → RA → FO → LA → LV → Aorta

33
Q

Describe the flow of de-oxygenated blood from the SVC to the umbilical arteries.

A

SVC → RA (mixes w O2 blood from IVC)
→ RV → DA → Aorta → Umbilical arteries

34
Q

At birth, the ductus venosus closes via ________________, and degenerates to become _________________.

A

Ductus venosus closes via sphincter @ umbilical vein end
→ forms ligamentum venosum

35
Q

What does the foramen ovale form in an adult?

A

Fossa ovalis in right atrium

36
Q

What causes a atrial septal defect?

A

Failure of foramen ovale to close anatomically within 6 mths of birth

37
Q

In a px with an ASD, what would exacerbate the backflow of blood form the left to right atrium?

A

Whatever ↑intrathoracic P
eg. sneezing, coughing

Cardiovascular System (12 decks)

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