Embryo 1

Question 1

Complete Hydatiform Mole

Answer 1

EITHER:

1) Fertilization of an empty oocyte, followed by sperm duplication
2) Fertilization of an empty oocyte by 2 sperm

Formed in the first week

Question 2

Partial Hydatiform Mole

Answer 2

Fertilization of a normal oocyte by 2 sperm

Formed in the first week

Question 3

Symptoms of the Hydratidiform Moles

Answer 3

Vaginal bleeding
Pelvic pressure and/or pain
Enlarged uterus
Hyperemesis Gravidarum (morning sickness)

Question 4

Choriocarcinomas

Answer 4

Malignant tumors which develop from the hydratidiform moles
Can spread to lungs, bone, vagina, and brain
Post week 1 issue

Question 5

Abnormal Implantation

Answer 5

Ectopic pregnancy- occurs outside the uterus, like the abdominal
They are most commonly found in the proximal uterine tube

Question 6

Placenta Previa

Answer 6

Implantation occurs in the internal cervical os, which blocks it
Beyond 20 weeks of gestation, there is vaginal bleeding
1) Marginal placenta previa
2) Partial placenta previa
3) Total Placenta previa
Do a sonogram before doing a digital exam so you don’t cause hemorrhage

Question 7

Chordomas

Answer 7

Rare slow growing aggressive neoplasms of bone
* Arise from the remenants of the notochord
Occur in the axial skeleton of the spheo-occipital region of skull and sacral regions
Week 3 issue

Question 8

Sacrococcygeal Teratoma

Answer 8

Tumor in the tailbone of the baby, due to the primative streak persisting and not going away
All three germ layers can be found in them
Week 3 issue

Question 9

Oropharyngeal Teratoma

Answer 9

Tumors in the mouth that are due to the persistance of the primative streak
Week 3 issue

Question 10

Hirschsprungs Disease

Answer 10

Neurocristopathy in which the autonomic system doesn’t innervate the colon, so you can’t poop

Defect in the migration or morphogensis in the trunk neural crest **extra info

Question 11

Albinism

Answer 11

Neural crest defect with the damn pigment cells that arise from neural crest

Question 12

DiGeorge Syndrome

Answer 12

Hypothyroidism, thyroid deficiency, thymic displasia leading to immunodeficiency, defects in cardiac flow and the aortic arches

Question 13

Dental anomalies

Answer 13

Since neural crest cells deal with enamel and dentin, issues arise from that

Question 14

Neuroblastoma

Answer 14

Tumor of adrenal medulla and/or autonomic ganglia

Question 15

Spinal bifida Occulta

Answer 15

Neural tube defect of the caudal pore
There is an unfused verterbral arch, due to the the failure of the caudal neural pore to close at the appropriate time
Nothing wrong with the person except that they have a tuft of hair on the end of their spine

Question 16

Meningoecele

Answer 16

Meninge-cist, doesn’t close on time but eventually closed
No vertebral or neuro arches
The pouches are filled with cerebral spinal fluid
Patients may or may not see abnormalities
Neural tube defect in caudal pore

Question 17

Meningomyelocele

Answer 17

Neural tube protrudes out in the cist and filled with cerbral final fluid
Experience motor and sensory deficit
Neural tube defect on the caudal neural

Question 18

Myelocele

Answer 18

The spinal chord is open must be surgically corrected and there is a motor and sensory deficit
Caudal Neural pore issue of the neuro tube

Question 19

Anencephaly

Answer 19

Problem with close of rostral neuropore
Not compatible with life
No brain cap

Question 20

Enencephalocele

Answer 20

Big lump on the back of your head
Rostral neuro pore closing
Not compatible with life
Can be an issue with or without brain tissue

Question 21

Occipital Mylocoele

Answer 21

Failure in rostral closing and you get a lump in the occipital region

Question 22

Frontal Encephylocoele

Answer 22

Failure in rostral neural pore closing

The issue happens by day 28

Question 23

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Answer 23

Cervical ribs can compress arteries and can lead to blockage

Question 24

Pectus Carinatum

Answer 24

Sternum protrudes leading to pigeon chest

No real issues, just looks weird

Question 25

Pectus Excavatum

Answer 25

Sternum is depressed creating a “funnel chest”
This can compress or move the heart and can decrease the amount of air someone gets
Can be surgically corrected

Question 26

Poland syndrome

Answer 26

Associated with syndactyly-> fused digits
Absence of pectoralis major and minor
Ipsilateral breast hypoplasia- the pec isn’t well developed
Absence of 2 to 4 ribs
**Due to the absence of migration of the hypomere into the chest, which causes the absence of the pectoralis major

Question 27

Prune-Belly Syndrome

Answer 27

Partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature due to the absence or abnormal migration of the hypomere cells
Primarily affects males
Associated with: 1) Cyptorchidism- one or both testes won’t descend
2) Malformation of urinary tract and bladder leading to urethral obstruction

Question 28

Talipes Equinovarus- AKA Clubbed Foot

Answer 28

• Most common musculoskeletal
defect
• Sole of foot turned medially and foot is inverted
• 2x more frequent in males
• All anatomical structures present so cases can be treated with casting or taping
Due to the insufficient amount of amniotic fluid

Question 29

Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Answer 29

More common in females than males
• Under development of the acetabulum of the hip bone
-So you get a disclocation of the hip bone
• Generalized joint laxity

Question 30

Arthrogryposis (congenital joint contractures)

Answer 30

• Usually involves more than 1 joint
• Causes: unclear, but thought to be due to:
– Neurological defects
– Muscularabnormalities
– Joint and contiguous tissue problems
– Fetalcrowding

Question 31

Meromelia

Answer 31

• Absence of part of a limb

* Intermediate to late loss of FGF signaling

Question 32

Amelia

Answer 32

Loss of a whole limb

Loss of FGF signaling

Question 33

Phocomelia

Answer 33

Loss of long bones
Hands or feet are attached to body
Partial loss of FGF signaling or HOX disruption
Thalomide

Question 34

Ectrodacytyly

Answer 34

Split hand or foot
Lobster claw deformity
Partial absence of FGF 8 from AER

Question 35

Polydactyly

Answer 35

Extra digits
Overexpression of SHH and upregulation or duplication of ZPA
Duplication would result in two sets
Week 6 or week 7 issue depending on the affected limb
Hand- Week 6
Foot- Week 7

Question 36

Syndactyly

Answer 36

Fusion of bones (osseous) or webbing between digits (cutaneous)
Digital rays fail to develop and apoptosis between them didn’t happen
BMP disruption or HOXD13 mutation