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Embryology > Embrology > Flashcards

Embrology Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney development types

A

Pronephros (non functional)
Mesonephros (transient and functional)
Metonephros (permanent kidney)

Rudimentary, transient kidneys (nephrotomes) have cavities (nephrocoeles) developing craniocaudally

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2
Q

Mesonephros

A

Appears at 3 weeks, drains into mesonephric duct. Communication breaks down at 8 weeks

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3
Q

Urine formation begins?

A

Weeks 11-12

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4
Q

XY development

A

Week 7 - > Testis determining factor stimulates sex cord (coelomic epithelium)/sertoli.
Week 8 - leydig cells (intermediate mesenchyme) make T.
Tunica albuingea formed (int. meso)
Cord breadk down - >rete testis
Anti-mullarian hormone (sertoli cells) causes paramesonephric to degrade (utriculus prostaticus) and mesonephric duct - > ductus deferens, epidiymus, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles.
Week 10 - > phallus elongates, UG folds approach to cover urethra

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5
Q

XX development

A

Week 6, paraseonephric duct appears and pinches off.
In absence of AMH, forms uterine tubes, uterus, upper 1/3 of vagina.

Week 8: No TFD then sec cords regress, vascular stroma in medulla (further development in 4th month)
Week 9: mesonephric degrade, but can remain as cysts (Garter’s ducts)
Week 10: genitalial develop (but UG folds never fuse)

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6
Q

Undifferentiated gonads

A

Week 3 v- > yolk sac to genital ridge (medial on coelomic epithelium)
Undifferentiated until week 6.

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7
Q

Gonadal descent

A

3rd month
Testes goes through inguinal canal. Testes have anteriro double payer of peritoneum (tunica vaginalis).
Ovaries remain intraperitoneal.
Gubernaculum becomes round ligament in XX

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8
Q

Renal agenesis

A

Ureteric bud fails/regresses. Incompatible with life

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9
Q

Horseshoe kidney

A

Inferior poles fuse together

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10
Q

UG/rectum separation

A

Week 8, but still membrane covered.

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11
Q

Median umbilical ligament

A

Remnant of alantois, fibrous cord. Can be patent (urachal fistula) with urine leaking out of umbilicus

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12
Q

Medial umbilical ligament

A

Remnant of umbilical vein

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13
Q

ureteric bud gives

A

Ureter, renal pelvic, major/minor calyx and collecting duct

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14
Q

Metanephros gives

A

Nephron 9other than CD)

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15
Q

Neural groove driver

A

Notocord secretes chordin (morphogen inhibits BMP/TGF beta, they drive epidermal development)

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16
Q

Somites make

A

Skeletal muscle, vertebrae, cartilage

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17
Q

Date of gastrulation

A

15

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18
Q

Timing of differentiation of neuro ectoderm and ectoderm

A

4th week

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19
Q

Neural crest cell migration

A

Week 5

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20
Q

PNS neural crest cells

A

Neurons, sensory/sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia, plexi, neuroglial cells, scwann cells

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21
Q

Endocrine neural crest

A

Adrenal medulla

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22
Q

Pigment neural crest cells

A

melanocytes

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23
Q

Facial bone/cartilage neral crest

A

Anterior and facial skull cartilage and bone

24
Q

Connective tissue neural crest

A

Cornea, tooth paillae, dermis, smooth muscle adopse tissue of skin/head/neck
Gland connective tissue
Connective tissue/smooth muscle of aortic arch arteries

25
Q

Trunk cells

A

Can remain in somite - DRG

If through somite then sympathetic/adrenal medulla

26
Q

Vagal/sacral NC

A

Enteric ganglia

27
Q

MElanocytes

A

Dosrolateral neural crests between ectoderm and somites

28
Q

Cardial NC

A

Form endothelial lining of aortic arches, endocardial cushion, aorticopulmonary septum

29
Q

Cranial NC influenced by

A

Rhombomeres.

Forms craniofacial mesenchyme, cranial neurons, glia.

30
Q

Middle ear/jaw bone formed from

A

Pharyngeal arches

31
Q

Viscerocranium

A

NC cell derived. Makes frontal, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, incisive, mandible, sphenoid and SQUAMOUS temporal

32
Q

Neurocranium

A

Paraxial mesoderm (somites). Has parietal, petrous temporal and occipital

33
Q

Laryngeal cartilages

A

MEsenchyme from lateral plate mesoderm

34
Q

Neuropore closure

A

Anterior at day 25, posterior at day 28

35
Q

Brain veiscles form

A

Weeks 3-4

36
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain - becomes metencephalon (pons/cerebellum, 4th ventricle) and myeloncephalon (medulla/4th ventricle)

37
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons/ cerebellum/ 4th ventricle)

38
Q

Myeloncephalon

A

Medulla/4th ventricle

39
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

40
Q

Procsencephalon

A

Becomes telencephalon (cerebrum, basal nuclei, lateral ventricles) and diencephalon (dicenephalon, retina, 3rd ventricle)

41
Q

Telencephalon

A

cerebrum, basal nuclei, lateral ventricles)

42
Q

Dicencephalon

A

Diencephalon, retina, 3rd ventricle)

43
Q

Brain flexures

A

Cerical flexure is between hindbrain and spinal cord (transient)
Cephalic flexure is at midbrain - remains in adults

44
Q

Stem cell source for spinal cord neurons?

A

Ependymal layer (neuroepthelial layer/neuroblast layer)

45
Q

Spinal cord development

A

Marginal layer (white matter) with mantle layer (cell bodies)

46
Q

Mantle layer

A

Alar plate (sensory reception from NC DRG) and basilar plate (motor cell bodies from mantle)

47
Q

Neuroblasts and glioblasts

A

Neuroblasts give neurons, glioblasts give astrocytes and olgiodendrocytes

48
Q

Oligodendrocytes come from

A

Neuroepithelium (ependymal layer)

49
Q

Sulcus limitans

A

Groove preventing cell bodies migrating accross

50
Q

Spinal cord development complete by

A

Week 6

51
Q

Neural tube defects seen

A

Weeks 3-4

52
Q

Spina bifida is

A

Failure of vertebral arch fusion

53
Q

Spina bifida grading

A

Minor is occulta, exposed cauda equina but fat pad protects

Spina bifida cystica can be meningocoele (meninges protrude) or myelomeningocoele (meninges plus cauda equina)

54
Q

SB diagnosis

A

MS-AFP and U/S

55
Q

Encephalocele, anencephaly, hydrocephalus

A

Encephalocoele is failure of posterior skull fusion
Anencephaly is failure for anterior to fuse
Hydrocephalus is fluid accumulation in brain - associated with spina bifida

Embryology (1 decks)

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