Embedded Systems Basics and Application Flashcards
A ______ is a way of working, organizing or doing one or more many tasks according to a fixed plan, program or set of rules.
A _____is also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to the plan or program.
system
System examples
Watch - time display system
Washing Machine - automatic clothes washing system
An _______ is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one of its important components.
embedded system
Components of Embedded System
> It has hardware
It has main application software
It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
Block description of the system
Sensors > Control Unit > Actuator
Features of an Embedded System
- Single-functioned
- Tightly-Constrained
- Reactive and Real-time
Executes a single program, repeatedly
Single-functioned
Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
Life threatening
24/7/365
Tightly-Constrained
Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
Reactive and Real-Time
Languages for programming Embedded Systems
Assembly language
C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java
Future of Embedded System
> Embedded processor account for 100% worldwide microprocessor production
Microprocessor Production
-Embedded: Desktop=100:1
Embedded processors in a house (40-50) approx.
Embedded processors in a modern car 50-60
Types of Embedded Systems
> Real Time Embedded Systems
Stand Alone Embedded Systems
Network Embedded Systems
Mobile Embedded Systems
Small Scale Embedded Systems
Medium Scale Embedded Systems
Sophisticated Embedded Systems
Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time period are called
real-time systems
Real-time embedded systems are classified into two types as:
soft and hard real-time systems
-do not require a host system like a computer, it works by itself
-It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and processes, calculates and converts the data and gives the resulting data through the connected device. Which either controls, drives and displays the connected devices.
Stand Alone Embedded System
Stand Alone Embedded System examples:
mp3 players, digital cameras, video game consoles, microwave ovens and temperature measurement systems.
These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources
Network Embedded System
Network Embedded System
examples
home security system wherein all sensors are connected and run on the protocol TC/IP
-Are used in portable embedded devices like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players, and personal digital assistants, etc.
-The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and limitation of memory
Mobile Embedded System
-Single 8-bit or 16-bit microcontroller
-Little hardware and software complexity
-They may even be battery operated
-Usually “C” is used for developing these system
-The needs to limit power dissipation when system is running continuously
Small Scale Embedded System
-Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontroller or Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
-Both hardware and software complexity
Medium Scale Embedded System
-It used more than 32-bit microcontroller
-Enormous hardware and software complexity
-Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor, and programming logic arrays
-Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units
Sophisticated Embedded System
Embedded System Constraints
> Available system memory
Available processor speed
The need to limit the power dissipation
-Is the heart of the embedded system
-Is a microprocessor that is used in an embedded system
-For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller is a must
Processor
-CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer are separate.
-Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM, & I/O ports.
-High processing power
-High power consumption
-Typically 32/64 bit General purpose
-Less reliable
-8086, 8085
Microprocessor
-CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on single chip.
-Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O ports.
-Low processing power
-Low power consumption
-8/16 bit
-Single purpose(control oriented)
-Highly reliable 8051
Microcontroller
Types of processor
- General Purpose Processor (GPP)
- Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)
- Multi Processor System using GPPs
-A _______ is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a computer on chip, but not a complete computer.
MICROPROCESSOR
A Microprocessor’s CPU contains an ____, a _________, a _______, some ________, a ________ and ______ on a single chip.
-ALU
-program counter
-stack pointer
-working register
-clock timing circuit
-interrupt circuit
1st gen microprocessor (4-bit processors)
4004 and 4040 4 bit in early 1970 by Intel (Integrated Electronics)
2nd Generation (8 bit processors) microprocessor
8008 and 8080 8 bit in 1974 Intel with +5 V Input supply 80808085 8 bit
3rd Generation (16 bit processors) microprocessor
-8086 16 bit. Same as 8086, the 8088 introduced 8088 has only 8 bit data bus
-80186 & 80286 (16 bit processor)
32 bit processor microprocessor
80386 & 80486
64 bit processors
Pentium range
Examples of Intel microprocessors
4004, 4040 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188 80286, 80386 x86-64
Examples of Zilog microprocessors
Z80, Z180, eZ80, Z8, eZ8
Examples of Motorola microprocessors
6800 6809 68000 G3, G4, G5
-A _________ is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a processor, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontrollers include an _________, ________ (a small amount of __________, or both) and ________ capable of input and output.
integrated CPU, memory (RAM, program memory,), peripherals
INTEL MICROCONTROLLERS
8031,8032,8051,8052,8751,8752
PIC MICROCONTROLLERS
8-bit - PIC16, PIC18
16-bit - DSPIC33 / PIC24,
PIC16C7x
Motorola MICROCONTROLLERS
MC68HC11
-It includes functional blocks of microprocessors & in addition has timer, parallel i/o, RAM, EPROM, ADC & DAC
-Many type of bit handling instruction
-Rapid movements of code and data within MC
-They are used for designing specific dedicated application systems
MICROCONTROLLER
-The functional blocks are ALU, registers, timing & control units
-Bit handling instruction is less, One or two type only
-Rapid movements of code and data between external memory & MP
-It is used for designing general purpose digital computers system
MICROPROCESSOR
An ___________ is used when fast processing fast context-switching & atomic ALU operations are needed.
EMBEDDED PROCESSOR
EMBEDDED PROCESSOR EXAMPLES
ARM 7, INTEL 1960, AMD 29050.
-It capabilities of includes the computational microprocessor and multiply & accumulate units (MAC).
-It is used when signal processing functions are to be processed fast.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
DSP examples
TMS320Cxx, SHARC, Motorola 5600xx
DSP has large number of applications such as:
image processing, audio, video & telecommunication processing systems.
______ is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution.
-An ______is used as an additional processing unit for running the application in place of using embedded software.
APPLICATION SPECIFIC SYSTEM PROCESSOR (ASSP)
ASSP Examples
IIM7100, W3100A
OTHER HARDWARE
-Power Source
-Clock Oscillator
-Real Time Clock (RTC)
-Reset Circuit, Power-up Reset and watchdog timer Reset
-Memory
-I/O Ports, I/O Buses
-Interrupt Handler
-DAC and ADC
-LCD and LED Display
-Keypad/Keyboard
________ are used when a single processor does not meet the needs of different task. -The operations of all the processors are synchronized to obtain an optimum performance.
MULTI PROCESSOR SYSTEM USING GPPs
