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University - 1Yr Semester 1 > EMA1312 - Psychology > Flashcards

EMA1312 - Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific definition of psychology?

A

The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.

It is also described as the science of mental life.

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2
Q

What are some professions in Applied Psychology?

A
  1. Industrial/Organisational/Work
  2. Counselling and Clinical
  3. Educational
  4. Health
  5. Sports
  6. Forensic
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3
Q

What is Organisational/Industrial Psychology?

A

The scientific study of human behaviour and cognitive processes in relation to the working environment, applying psychological principles to business and industrial problems.

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4
Q

What defines an organisation?

A

An entity comprising multiple people, organised with a collective goal, linked to an external environment, and functioning as an open system.

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5
Q

What is Organisational Behaviour (OB)?

A

The study of individual and group behaviour within an organisational setting, aimed at improving performance and effectiveness.

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6
Q

What is the psychological contract in the workplace?

A

An unwritten agreement involving mutual expectations between employees and organisations, influencing behaviour and evolving over time.

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7
Q

How can the psychological contract affect employees?

A

It shapes their sense of belonging and satisfaction at work, involving expectations like safety and positive engagement.

Employees’ commitment and performance will depend on the values of their psychological contract.

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8
Q

Why is understanding individuality important in organisations?

A

Each individual has unique needs and responses to eternal and internal factors, and mismatches between individual and organisational goals can lead to frustration and conflict.

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9
Q

How do changes in the external environment impact management?

A

Rapid changes increase pressure on individuals at work, requiring management to understand both the employee and organisational culture to effectively manage people.

These dynamics and complexity can cause changes in organisations’ overall activity - disruptions in their work.

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10
Q

Why is it important for managers to understand individual behaviour in organisations?

A

Managers must be competent in selecting valuable individuals, observing non-verbal cues, and identifying potential for development within the organisation.

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11
Q

What are the key methods to improve employee performance and well-being?

A

Observation, studying position descriptions, distributing questionnaires/interviews and analysing data

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12
Q

What are the descriptive and prescriptive theories in organisational analysis?

A

Descriptive theories: explain how organisations are structures and operate

Prescriptive theories: indicate how organisations should operate to be more efficient and effective

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13
Q

What are the five characteristics of the Job Characteristics Model (JCM)?

A
  1. Skill Variety
  2. Task identity (completing identifiable pieces of work)
  3. Task Significance (impact on others)
  4. Autonomy (freedom in decision-making)
  5. Feedback (knowledge of performance)
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14
Q

What 3 psychological states are produced from the JCM?

A
  1. Experienced meaningfulness of work
  2. Responsibility for outcomes of work
  3. Knowledge of the results of work activities
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15
Q

What does the Vitamin Model compare organisations to, and why?

A

Compares organisations to living organisms, emphasising nourishment through ‘work vitamins’ to promote well-being

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16
Q

Name 5 ‘work vitamins’ in Warr’s model.

A
  1. Supportive supervision
  2. Availability for financial rewards
  3. Opportunity for skill use
  4. Valued social position
  5. Opportunity for Interpersonal contact

(Variety, physical security, environmental clarity)

17
Q

What are the 4 main approaches to understanding organisations?

A
  1. Classical (Taylorism, bureaucracy)
  2. Human Relations (social and psychological needs)
  3. Systems Theory (interrelation of structure and behaviour)
  4. Contingency Approach (based on tasks and environment)
18
Q

What are the 4 principles of Taylor’s Management Theory?

A
  1. Define a science for each job element
  2. Scientifically train and develop workers
  3. Cooperate with workers to ensure adherence to science
  4. Divide work equally between management and workers.
19
Q

What are the Big Five Personality Factors?

A
  1. Extroversion
  2. Neuroticism
  3. Openness
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
20
Q

What is the STAR method in interviews?

A

S - Situation
T - Task
A - Action
R - Result

21
Q

Name 3 methods of data collection for job analysis

A

Observation, Interviews and Behavioural event interviews

(Expert panels, Focus groups)

22
Q

What is the purpose of the Situational Judgement Tests (SJTs)?

A

To assess responses to job-related challenges, measuring cognitive ability and knowledge

23
Q

What is the intention of job design?

A

To make workers happier by designing jobs that improve motivation and well-being

24
Q

What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivators?

A

Intrinsic motivation: comes from recognition and appreciation
Extrinsic motivation: includes external rewards like money (often, short-term)

25
Q

How does the Vitamin Model demonstrate variability?

A

Different career stages or job context require adjustments in job characteristics similar to how vitamins need to be balanced for health.

26
Q

What are the main elements of bureaucratic management by Max Weber?

A
  1. Clearly defined jobs
  2. Hierarchy of authority
  3. Standardised procedures
  4. Impersonal relationships
  5. Merit-based hiring
27
Q

How’s does the systems approach view organisations?

A

As interconnected systems with interrelated sub-systems that must align for efficiently and adaptability to external environments.

28
Q

What is the main idea of the contingency approach?

A

There is no single best way to structure or manage an organisation; it depends on situational factors and specific needs.

29
Q

What were the main inefficiencies identified by Taylor?

A
  1. Lack of work standards
  2. Disorganised decision-making
  3. Slow worker pace due to unclear responsibilities
30
Q

What is competency modelling?

A

Defining necessary behaviours and attributes for a job role, often used for recruitment, performance management, and career development.

31
Q

What factors improve interview validity?

A
  1. Structured formats
  2. Job analysis-based questions
  3. Consistency in application
  4. Proper interview training
32
Q

What doe psychometric tests measure?

A
  1. Maximal performance:l abilities and achievements
  2. Typical performance: personality, values, attitudes and interests
33
Q

What makes SJTs effective?

A

They assess responses to job challenges, reflecting cognitive ability, traits and knowledge, with good predictive validity and fairness

34
Q

Why are assessment centres used in selection?

A

To evaluate candidates against job-related criteria using multiple methods for comprehensive assessment.

For example: group exercises, presentations and role-play.

University - 1Yr Semester 1 (8 decks)

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