ELSS-Carbon

Question 1

What is the importance of the carbon cycle?

Answer 1

-Used by humans for energy
-‘building blocks of life’
-used for photosynthesis to be turned to O2 as CO2 is toxic to humans

Question 2

What are the consequences of disruptions to the carbon cycle?

Answer 2

-Sea level rises (80cm by the end of the century)
-Forest fires become more frequent and areas losing the amazon could feel the greatest impact
-Food shortages - wheat yields have decreased by 40% in Africa

Question 3

Is the global carbon system an open or closed system?

Answer 3

Closed as the amount of carbon on the earth doesn’t change, it only changes form

Question 4

What is an example of an open carbon system?

Answer 4

Forest - Trees can be cut down or die, and leave the carbon system Any system that carbon can leave or enter is open.

Question 5

What are the 3 largest global carbon stores?

Answer 5

1st: Lithosphere - stored as fossil fuels and in rocks, the lithosphere stores most of the carbon on Earth
2nd: Oceans - stored as dissolved carbon and calcium carbonate in the shells of marine life. Only 4% of carbon is stored near the surface
3rd: Biosphere - stored in organic molecules in living or dead plants and animals. Decaying releases CO2 to the atmosphere.
4th: Atmosphere - Stored as the gas CO2

Question 6

What are key fluxes in the carbon cycle?

Answer 6

-Precipitation
-Respiration
-Carbon sequestration
-Photosynthesis
-Weathering
-Decomposition
-Combustion

Question 7

How does the carbon cycle influence precipitation?

Answer 7

An increase in CO2 levels have led to a dramatic increase in the acidity of seawater and therefore rainfall.

Question 8

What is the role of respiration in the carbon cycle?

Answer 8

-6 O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
-Plants and animals absorb oxygen to provide energy which is needed for metabolism and growth
-The volume of carbon exchanged by respiration and photosynthesis each year is 1000x higher than through the slow carbon cycle
-Stays in balance with photosynthesis (biosphere -> atmosphere -> biosphere.)

Question 9

What is the carbon sequestration physical pump in the carbon cycle?

Answer 9

Physical inorganic pump:
-CO2 enters the ocean from the atmosphere by diffusion.
-Surface ocean currents then transport the water and dissolved CO2 towards the poles where it cools, becomes more dense and sinks
-Downwelling carries dissolved carbon to the oceans depths where individual carbon molecules remain for centuries
-Eventually deep ocean currents transport the carbon to areas of upwelling causing the water to rise and CO2 to diffuse into the atmosphere

Question 10

What is the carbon sequestration biological pump in the carbon cycle?

Answer 10

Biological pump:
-Marine organisms (phytoplankton) combine sunlight, water and dissolve CO2 to produce organic material
-This causes carbon to be locked in the sediment on the ocean floor or decomposed to release CO2 into the ocean
-Some crustaceans extract carbon and calcium ions from sea water to manufacture shells and skeletons
-Most carbon-rich material ends up on the seafloor undergoing lithification to form chalk or limestone

Question 11

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 11

-6 CO2 + 6H2O —> 6O2 + C6H12O6
-Using the sun’s energy to cover the light energy into chemical energy for the formation of glucose and growth in plants
-O2 is released balancing respiration

Question 12

What is weathering?

Answer 12

*Check coasts section

Question 13

What is decomposition?

Answer 13

Bacteria or fungi break down dead organic matter, extracting energy and releasing CO2 into the atmosphere.
This occurs faster in warm humid environments (places with rainforest).

Question 14

What is combustion?

Answer 14

-Organic material earths or burns in oxygen, releasing CO2 as well as sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides
-Usually occurs from human activity (deliberate firing of forest & combustion of fossil fuels) but occurs naturally in forest fires
-This increases the amount of CO2 in the oceans and atmosphere adding to the greenhouse gas effect

Question 15

How does temperature influence carbon moving between the atmosphere and oceans?

Answer 15

Increase in temperature - speeds up diffusion of CO2 out of the ocean but slows absorption into the ocean from the atmosphere.
As temperatures increase due to global warming more carbon will be released from pumps resulting in a downwards spiral.

Question 16

What processes does the fast carbon cycle include?

Answer 16

Includes the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, decomposition & air-sea gas exchange.
Carbon moves between the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere.
Phytoplankton are key components in absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere.

Question 17

What processes does the slow carbon cycle include?

Answer 17

-Includes the processes of chemical weathering, fixing dissolved carbon, volcanic activity & subduction
-Marine organisms fix dissolved carbon with calcium to form calcium carbonate
-Decomposed organic material is buried beneath younger sediments.
-Lithification (sediments compact under pressure gradually turning into a solid)

Question 18

What are the diurnal changes in the carbon cycle?

Answer 18

-There is a significant change in the flux of photosynthesis over the course of the day
-The respiration flux remains constant throughout the course of the day
-During the day, more carbon is stored as biomass in the plant, and during the night more carbon is released from the biomass through the process of respiration

Question 19

what are the seasonal changes in the carbon cycle?

Answer 19

-During the Summer, more carbon is released as dead plants decompose, so the biosphere store decreases and the soil and atmosphere stores increase
-During the summer there are much higher rates of photosynthesis and respiration meaning there is less carbon in the atmosphere and soil, and more in the biosphere
-Carbon cycle is much slower in the winter

Question 20

What is the correlation between CO2 ppm in the atmosphere and global temperatures over the earth history?

Answer 20

There is a very strong correlation between temperature and CO2 ppm, because when the graphs have a very similar shape. When the levels of CO2 rise, so does the temperature, suggesting a strong link of causality between the 2.

Question 21

What are the impacts of long term climate change on the carbon cycle stores?

Answer 21

-At times of glacial maxima CO2 concentrations fall to around 180ppm, while in warmer inter-glacial periods they are 100ppm higher
-The carbon pool in vegetation shrinks during glacials as ice sheets advance
-Expanses of tundra beyond the ice-limit sequester huge amounts of carbon in permafrost
-As forests are replaced by grasslands due to human activity the amount of carbon stored in tropical biomes will diminish
-Global warming will allow the boreal forests of Siberia and Canada to expand polewards increasing the biosphere store
-long-term climate change will probably see an increase in carbon stores in the atmosphere, a decrease in carbon stores in the biosphere and possibly a decrease in the ocean carbon stores

Question 22

What are the impacts of long term climate change on the carbon cycle fluxes?

Answer 22

-As vegetation decreases due to human activity NPP and the total volume of carbon fixed in photosynthesis will decline.
-During glacials an overall slowing of the carbon flux and smaller amounts of CO2 returned to the atmosphere through decomposition
-Higher global temperatures will in general increase rates of decomposition and accelerate transfers of carbon from the biosphere and soil to the atmosphere
-Carbon frozen in the permafrost of the tundra is being released as temperatures rise above freezing and allow oxidation and decomposition of vast peat stores
-Acidification of the oceans through the absorption of excess CO2 from the atmosphere reduces photosynthesis by phytoplankton
-Movement of carbon into and out of the atmosphere will vary regionally, depending on changes in rates of photosynthesis, decomposition and respiration.

Question 23

What are changes in the carbon cycle (forestry)?

Answer 23

-Plantations result in an increased carbon store – mature plantation forest trees in UK contain 170-200 tonnes C/ha (10x grassland, 20x heathland)
-When felling occurs (to renew growth in forests) then the above ground carbon store will reduce and the soil will be more vulnerable to oxidation and erosion without the binding effect of plant roots. This may reduce the soil organic carbon
-Soil has even larger carbon pool through the addition of roots (below ground biomass). In England forest soil carbon around 500 tonnes C/ha
-Forest trees sequester CO2 from atmosphere for hundreds of years. Most carbon is stored in wood of trunk
-Forest trees only absorb more than they release for the 1st 100 years after planting, then levels off and balanced by inputs of litter to soil, respiration and soil decomposers. Consequently plantations have a rotation period of 80-100 years. They are then felled and reforestation begins.

Question 24

How does burning fossil fuels influence the carbon cycle?

Answer 24

-Releases large levels of CO2 into the atmosphere
-Reduces the amount of carbon stores as fossil fuels in the lithosphere

Question 25

What are the changes in the carbon cycle (farming)?

Answer 25

-Ploughing reduces soil carbon storage as it exposes organic matter (biomass) to erosion by wind or water
-Ploughing also exposes soil organic matter to oxidation, releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
-It has been estimated that US soils may have lost between 30 and 50% of the soil organic carbon that they contained prior to the establishment of agriculture there.
-Approximately 12% of soil C is held in cultivated soils, which cover around 35% of the terrestrial land area of the planet - so it proportionally holds less than we would expect for the area it covers.
-Crops harvested in the summer months reduces carbon storage above ground and reduces amounts of organic matter returning to the soil as vegetation is removed for eating
-Where farming replaces natural grasslands carbon cycle changes are less apparent but photosynthesis is generally lower than in natural ecosystems. This is due to a lack of biodiversity in farmed systems and the growing season compressed into 4-5 months

Question 26

What are the land use changes (deforestation associated with farming and urbanisation)?

Answer 26

-Deforestation has reduced the planet’s forest cover by nearly 50%
-Soils have been degraded by erosion caused by deforestation and agricultural mismanagement, reducing its carbon store
-Carbon stores in wetlands have also been depleted as they are drained for cultivation and urban development (dry out and are oxidised)

Question 27

What is the aim of carbon sequestration?

Answer 27

To capture and store atmospheric carbon dioxide, aiming to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to help reduce global climate change.

Question 28

What are the 2 key types of carbon sequestration?

Answer 28

Biological- The storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide in vegetation, soils, woody products, and aquatic environments.
Geological- The storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide in underground geologic formations. CO2 is often pressurized until it becomes a liquid.

Question 29

How can humans carry out carbon sequestration?

Answer 29

Encouraging the growth of plants, especially larger ones like trees, this advocates biological sequestration. Grow plants who have a high carbon content as they will store more carbon.

Question 30

What is CCS?

Answer 30

Carbon Capture and Storage

Question 31

How does CCS work?

Answer 31

Mixes CO2 with amine that absorbs the CO2, and then the CO2 is separated and kept in liquid form.

Question 32

What are the sizes of carbon stores in order?

Answer 32

1-Lithosphere
2-Ocean - deep layer
3-Biosphere - dead
4-Biosphere - living
5-Atmosphere
6-Ocean - surface layer

Question 33

What are the management strategies to protect the global carbon cycle?

Answer 33

-Wetland restoration
-Afforestation
-Agricultural practices
-International agreements (cap and trade)

Question 34

What is involved in wetland restoration?

Answer 34

-Wetlands include freshwater marshes , salt marshes, peatlands, floodplains and mangroves
-Wetlands are important in the carbon cycle and occupy 6-9% of the earths land surface and contain 35% of the terrestrial carbon pool
-Apart form the loss of biodiversity and wildlife habitats, destruction of wetlands transfer huge amounts of stored C02 and CH4 to the atmosphere
-Wetlands can restore on average 3.25 tonnes C/ha/yr
-Uk government has a target or restoring 500 ha of Wetland by 2020
-Restoration focuses on raising local water tables to re-crerate water logged conditions

Question 35

What is involved in afforestation?

Answer 35

The UN’s REDD scheme incentivises developing countries to conserve their rainforest by placing a monetary value on forest conservation
-In China a massive government-sponsored afforestation project began in 1978 and aims to afforest 400,000 km squared by 2050
-In 2000-09, 30,000 km squared were successfully planted with non-native, fast growing species such as poplar and birch
-this project also has a wider purpose to combat desertification and land degradation

Question 36

What is involved in agricultural practices?

Answer 36

-Intensive livestock farming produces 100 million tonnes/yr of CH4
-Improving the quality of animal feed to reduce enteric fermentation so that less feed is converted to CH4
-Controlling the way manure decomposes to reduce CH4 emissions. Storing manure in anaerobic containers and capturing CH4 as a source of renewable energy
-Contour ploughing and terracing to reduce run-off and erosion
-Leaving crop residue on fields after the harvest to provide ground cover and protection against erosion and drying out
-Growing annual crops interspersed with trees (polyculture)

Question 37

What is involved in the international agreements and cap and trade?

Answer 37

-The Kyoto agreement from 1997 stated that most rich countries agreed to legally binding reductions in their C02 emissions, though controversially, developing, and some of the biggest polluters (India and China) were exempt
-The Paris agreement aims to reduce global CO2 emissions below 60% of 2010 levels by 2050 and keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius
-However these are not legally binding and a timetable for implementing them has yet to be agreed
Cap and trade-
-If they emit less than their quota they receive carbon credits which can be traded on international markets
-Businesses that exceed their quotas must purchase additional credits or incur financial penalties