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Anatomija > Elpošanas Sistēma > Flashcards

Elpošanas Sistēma Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange

Occurs between venous blood and alveolar air (external respiration) and between arterial blood and tissues (internal respiration)

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2
Q

What are the gas-conducting pathways responsible for?

A

Moistening, heating, and cleaning the air

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3
Q

What is ventilation in the context of the respiratory system?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system includes the _______ which consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles.

A

Conducting pathways

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5
Q

What is the role of the larynx in the respiratory system?

A

Sound production

This process is also known as phonation

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6
Q

What is the term for the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs?

A

External respiration

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7
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas transport to and from cells in the body

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8
Q

True or False: The respiratory epithelium is primarily composed of ciliated cells and goblet cells.

A

True

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9
Q

What are the main functions of the mucosal structures in the respiratory system?

A

Warm, moisten, and filter the air

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10
Q

List the types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium.

A
  • Ciliated cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Basal cells
  • Serous cells
  • Brush cells
  • Neuroendocrine (DNES) cells
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11
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Produce mucus

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12
Q

What do ciliated cells in the respiratory system do?

A

Help in the mucociliary clearance mechanism

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13
Q

What type of immune response is provided by the respiratory epithelium?

A

Barrier function and immune response

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14
Q

What are neuroepithelial bodies and where are they typically located?

A

Groups of cells found in intrapulmonary airways

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the mucociliary clearance mechanism?

A

Protects lung tissue from inhaled particles and pathogens

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system’s epithelial cells secrete immunologically active substances such as _______.

A

Lysozyme

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17
Q

What types of immune cells are involved in the respiratory immune response?

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Plasma cells
  • Macrophages
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
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18
Q

What does the term ‘mucociliary clearance’ refer to?

A

The mechanism that moves mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract

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19
Q

What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory system?

A

Site of gas exchange

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20
Q

What are the components of the respiratory system that facilitate gas exchange?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
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21
Q

True or False: The respiratory system plays a role in thermoregulation.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells in the lungs?

A

Produce enzymes that convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The respiratory system is involved in the elimination of _______ through exhaled air.

A

Volatile substances

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

A

Air passage

The nasal cavity is the first structure that facilitates the passage of air.

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25
Q

What are the two main parts of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Vestibule
  • Cavum nasi proper

The vestibule is the anterior part, while the cavum nasi proper is the main area of the nasal cavity.

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26
Q

What separates the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal septum

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27
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Warms and humidifies inhaled air
  • Cleans inhaled air

The nasal cavity has a significant role in conditioning the air that enters the respiratory system.

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28
Q

What type of epithelium lines the respiratory part of the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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29
Q

What is the role of the olfactory mucosa located in the nasal cavity?

A

Sense of smell

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30
Q

What type of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • Olfactory cells
  • Supporting cells
  • Basal cells

These cells are crucial for olfactory function.

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31
Q

What do basal cells in the olfactory epithelium do?

A

Regenerate olfactory neurons

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32
Q

True or False: The nasal cavity contains venous sinuses.

A

False

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33
Q

What are the components of the respiratory epithelium?

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Goblet cells
  • Basal cells
  • Brush cells

These components contribute to the function of the respiratory epithelium.

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34
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a cavity that connects the nasal cavity to the throat.

A

Pharynx

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35
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Hypopharynx
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36
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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37
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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38
Q

What is the function of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the pharynx?

A

Immune response

39
Q

What structure separates the larynx from the pharynx?

A

Epiglottis

40
Q

What is the length and width of the larynx?

A

Approximately 4 cm long and 4 cm wide

41
Q

What is the role of the venous plexus in the nasal cavity?

A

Heat exchange

42
Q

What type of glands are found in the respiratory part of the nasal cavity?

A

Mucoserous glands

43
Q

True or False: The nasal cavity has a large surface area for air conditioning.

A

True

44
Q

What is the primary role of the Bowman’s glands in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Dissolves odorants and moistens the mucosa

45
Q

What two types of tonsils form the ring of the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

Aukslēju mandeles and mēles mandeles

These are part of the immune system in the throat area.

46
Q

What is the location of the balsene?

A

Between the rīkli and elpvadu

Balsene refers to the larynx.

47
Q

What is the average size of the balsene?

A

Approximately 4 cm long and 4 cm in diameter

Balsene is a cylindrical structure.

48
Q

What types of cartilage make up the framework of the balsene?

A
  • Hialīnā skrimšļa elementi
  • Mazāki elastīgā skrimšļa elementi

Includes various cartilages such as Cartilago thyroidea and Cartilago cricoidea.

49
Q

What are the primary functions of the balsene?

A
  • Radīt skaņu (fonācija)
  • Noslēgt traheju ēdiena norīšanas brīdī

These functions help in sound production and protecting the airway during swallowing.

50
Q

What are the three parts of the balsene?

A
  • Supraglottis
  • Glottis
  • Subglottis

These parts correspond to different areas within the larynx.

51
Q

What is the role of the neīstās balss saites?

A

They are immobile and protect the airway

Also known as vestibulārās krokas, they do not participate in sound production.

52
Q

What type of epithelium covers the īstās balss saites?

A

Dauzkārtains plakans nepārragots epitēlijs

This provides protection during phonation.

53
Q

What is the role of the Musculus vocalis during fonācijas?

A

Savelk balss krokas kopā (addukcija)

This action narrows the glottis and allows for sound production.

54
Q

What is the structure and function of the elpvads?

A

A 12-16 cm long tube, always open due to C-shaped cartilage rings

It connects the larynx to the bronchi.

55
Q

What are the three layers of the elpvads?

A
  • Gļotāda
  • Fibrozi-skrimšļainais apvalks
  • Adventīcija

Each layer has distinct structural and functional roles.

56
Q

What type of cells are found in the gļotāda of the elpvads?

A
  • Skropstiņšūnas
  • Kausveida glandulocīti
  • Bazālās šūnas

These cells play roles in mucus production and protection.

57
Q

What is the significance of the bronhu koks?

A

It is responsible for conducting air to the lungs

The bronhu koks branches from the trachea into smaller bronchi.

58
Q

How do the bronhioles differ from larger bronchi?

A

Bronhioles have a smaller lumen diameter and lack cartilage rings

This allows for more flexibility and adjustment of airflow.

59
Q

What is the primary function of the alveolārais koks?

A

Facilitates gas exchange in the lungs

It consists of alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

60
Q

Fill in the blank: The main bronchi divide into _______ bronhi.

A

lobārie

These are also known as secondary bronchi.

61
Q

True or False: The left lung has three lobes.

A

False

The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three.

62
Q

What type of tissue replaces the cartilage rings in smaller bronchi?

A

Irregular cartilage plates

This allows for more flexibility in the airways.

63
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

This type of epithelium is characteristic of the respiratory tract, including the bronchi.

64
Q

What is the function of Clara cells in terminal bronchioles?

A

Secretion of surfactant proteins and regulation of lung homeostasis

Clara cells are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the respiratory epithelium.

65
Q

What structures make up a pulmonary lobule?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli

The pulmonary lobule is the smallest functional unit of the lung.

66
Q

Fill in the blank: The alveolar wall thickness is approximately _______ μm.

A

0.2 – 0.4

This thickness is essential for efficient gas exchange.

67
Q

What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?

A

Reduces surface tension

Surfactant prevents alveolar collapse during exhalation.

68
Q

True or False: Terminal bronchioles contain mucus-secreting glands.

A

False

Terminal bronchioles lack goblet cells and glands.

69
Q

What are the two main types of alveolar cells?

A
  • Type I alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  • Type II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)

Type I cells facilitate gas exchange, while Type II cells secrete surfactant.

70
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the alveoli?

A

Engulf and remove inhaled particles and pathogens

Alveolar macrophages play a vital role in lung immunity.

71
Q

What is the diameter of small bronchi?

A

≤ 2 mm

Small bronchi have a distinctive structure compared to larger bronchi.

72
Q

What type of epithelium do terminal bronchioles transition to?

A

Simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium

This transition occurs as the airways branch and become smaller.

73
Q

What is the primary structural feature of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Presence of alveoli protruding from their walls

This feature distinguishes respiratory bronchioles from other airways.

74
Q

What are the major components of surfactant?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Proteins

These components are essential for surfactant’s function in the lungs.

75
Q

What is the significance of the alveolo-capillary barrier?

A

Facilitates gas exchange between alveolar air and blood

This barrier is crucial for efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.

76
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I alveolar cells?

A

Flat, thin epithelial cells covering 90% of alveolar surface

Their structure is optimized for gas exchange.

77
Q

What happens during emphysema?

A

Excessive air accumulation in alveoli due to tissue elasticity loss

This condition leads to impaired gas exchange.

78
Q

What is the main function of Type II alveolar cells?

A

Secretion of surfactant

Type II cells also serve as progenitors for Type I cells.

79
Q

What is the diameter of terminal bronchioles?

A

≤ 0.5 mm

This size is critical for their function in the respiratory system.

80
Q

What does the term ‘aerohematologic barrier’ refer to?

A

The interface for gas exchange between alveolar air and blood

This barrier is essential for respiration.

81
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts in the lung tissue?

A

Synthesize extracellular matrix components

They are important for maintaining lung structure.

82
Q

True or False: Alveolar septa are formed by Type I alveolar cells.

A

True

These septa separate adjacent alveoli.

83
Q

What are the stages of lung development in embryos?

A
  • Pseudoglandular stage (E14.5)
  • Canalicular stage (E16.5)
  • Saccular stage (E18.5 and P1)

These stages reflect the maturation of lung structures.

84
Q

What is the significance of local changes in tissues?

A

They are important for diagnostic, clinical, and research purposes.

Local changes can indicate disease processes or tissue responses to various stimuli.

85
Q

What does the term ‘epithelial cell ratio’ refer to?

A

It refers to the relationship between different types of epithelial cells, such as ciliated and goblet cells.

This ratio can change in response to various diseases.

86
Q

How does the goblet cell count change in respiratory illnesses?

A

The goblet cell count increases, affecting the ciliated to goblet cell ratio.

For example, ratios may change to 4:4, 4:6, or 4:8 in cases of acute respiratory diseases.

87
Q

What is goblet cell hyperplasia?

A

It is the increase in the number of goblet cells in response to certain conditions.

This condition is often observed in chronic respiratory diseases.

88
Q

What are the molecular components of the basal membrane?

A

The molecular composition of the basal membrane can undergo changes.

These changes may affect tissue function and integrity.

89
Q

What happens to smooth muscle in response to certain stimuli?

A

Smooth muscle thickening occurs.

This can be a response to chronic irritation or inflammation.

90
Q

What type of analysis is used to study disease factors at a molecular level?

A

DNA factor analysis and molecular analysis are used.

These analyses help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases.

91
Q

What are local protective factors?

A

Local protective factors are elements that help maintain tissue health and respond to injury.

Identifying these factors can aid in understanding tissue responses to damage.

92
Q

What is surfactant and why is it significant?

A

Surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension in the lungs.

It is crucial for maintaining alveolar stability and function.

93
Q

What does ciliary dyskinesia refer to?

A

Ciliary dyskinesia refers to impaired movement of cilia.

This can lead to respiratory issues due to ineffective clearance of mucus.

94
Q

What is the purpose of the literature cited?

A

The literature provides foundational knowledge and research in histology and related fields.

Key texts include Histology: A Text and Atlas, Junqueira’s Basic Histology, and others.

Anatomija (2 decks)

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