Elizabethan England Flashcards
1
Q
Name 7 problems facing the Tudor family
A
- Threats to their power/ control
- Religion (switch between Catholic and Protestant
- Ability to have children
- Succession to the throne
- Jealousy (plots to overthrow them)
- Marriage and political alliances
- Running the country (domestic policy, foreign policy)
2
Q
Why was the church so powerful?
A
The Pope controlled every King in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church owned 1/3 of Europe and controlled every element of peoples life
3
Q
When did Henry VII ascend to the throne?
A
August 1845
4
Q
Who did Henry VII marry?
A
Elizabeth of York (War of Roses)
5
Q
How many children did Henry VII have?
A
3 sons, 4 daughters
6
Q
When did Henry VII die and who succeeded him?
A
Dies April 1509 when he was succeeded by his son Henry VIII
7
Q
When did Henry VIII ascend to the throne and how old was he?
A
April 1509, 17
8
Q
Who did Henry Henry VIII marry and what happened to them?
A
Catherine of Aragon (Divorced), Anne Boleyn (Beheaded), Jane Seymour (Died), Anne of Cleves (Divorced), Catherine Howard (Beheaded), Catherine Parr (Survived)
9
Q
Nuemonic of Henry VIII’s wives?
A
Can Catherine of Alice Aragon Achieve Anne Brilliant Boleyn Jokes Jane Shit Seymour Alice Anne of Can Cleves Crack Catherine Hundred Howard Cracking Catherine Puns Parr
10
Q
When did Henry VIII die?
A
January 1547
11
Q
Who was Henry VIII succeeded by?
A
His son, Edward VI
12
Q
Why did Henry VIII change the church and make himself Head of the Church of England?
A
Because it allowed him to divorce his wife Catherine and remarry in the hope that she would be able to produce and male heir
13
Q
What was Edward VI’s religion?
A
Protestant
14
Q
Who did Edward VI exclude from being heir in his will when he died of tuberculosis?
A
Mary I and Elizabeth I
15
Q
Who did Edward VI make Queen after he died?
A
Lady Jane Grey (his half-sister)
16
Q
How old was Edward VI when he became King, and how long did he reign for?
A
Age 9, reigned for 6 years
17
Q
Who was Edward VI controlled by?
A
Powerful Protestant men like the Duke of Northumberland
18
Q
Who was Lady Jane Grey?
A
Duke of Northumberland’s daughter in law
19
Q
How did Lady Jane Grey become Queen?
A
Edward VI’s will proclaimed her Queen
20
Q
What happened 9 days after Lady Jane Grey became Queen?
A
Mary I put her in the tower and accused her of treason, she was executed in 1554
21
Q
What was Mary I’s religion?
A
Catholic
22
Q
How many protestants did Mary I burn?
A
Over 300
23
Q
What was Mary I’s nickname?
A
Bloody Mary
24
Q
Who did Mary I marry?
A
Phillip of Spain
25
Why did Mary want children so badly?
So that her children could be heir, not Elizabeth
26
Why did Mary I not have any children?
She had multiple miscarriages (Mary, Mary, quite contrary, how does your garden grow..) and it is believed she had ovarian cancer
27
What was Elizabeth I's religion?
Protestant
28
What was Elizabeth I's nickname and why?
Virgin Queen because she never married
29
How long did Elizabeth I reign for?
44 years
30
Why was Elizabeth I the end of the Tudor line?
Because she had no children to succeed her
31
What was Elizabeth's relationship with her Father King Henry VIII like?
They lived very separate lives and only met a few times. Even though Henry executed her Mother Anne Boleyn age 2 and he only wanted a boy, Elizabeth still looked up to Henry and loved and admired him.
32
When was Elizabeth born?
1533
33
When was Elizabeth's mother Anne Boleyn executed?
1536
34
What was Elizabeth's relationship with her mother Anne Boleyn like?
Anne died when she was only 2, so Elizabeth hardly knew her, but she was often seen as a witch for isolating Elizabeth and exiling her from Court
35
Who cared for Elizabeth?
Duke of Somerset, until he was executed in 1549 for planning to kill the King
36
When did Henry VIII die?
1547
37
What was Elizabeth's relationship with her half-sister Mary I like?
Elizabeth became Queen because Mary had no children, but Mary hated Elizabeth because her own parents (Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII) marriage broke down because of Anne Boleyn's pregnancy. She was also suspicious of Elizabeth and hated her beauty and power.
38
What was Elizabeth's relationship with her half-brother Edward VI like?
They generally got on well until he became King and very arrogant. However, he feared Elizabeth and made Lady Jane Grey Queen after he died.
39
How was Elizabeth's cautious character shaped by her upbringing?
Her Father murdered her Mother Anne Boleyn when she was only 2 years old, this would've made her cautious and untrusting of other people
40
How was Elizabeth's confidence shaped by her upbringing?
She was often ignored by her Henry and was being cared for by the Duke of Somerset until 1549. She was made to feel unloved and losing her mother and not having contact with her father would've made her become more confident and work harder to become Queen.
41
Who was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester?
| PRIVY COUNCIL
Dudley and Elizabeth were childhood friends and Elizabeth was openly in love with him. He was a radical Puritan and in charge of Elizabeth's safety, he didn't get on with Cecil (a father figure to Elizabeth) and was also often excluded from Court.
42
Who was Sir Christopher Hatton?
| PRIVY COUNCIL
He was a powerful Protestant with a legal background. Elizabeth promoted him for his dancing in Court.
43
Who was Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley?
| PRIVY COUNCIL
He was a dedicated, devoted Protestant and often described as the Queen's favourite.
44
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?
| PRIVY COUNCIL
Dedicated Protestant and excluded from Court at times. He was in charge of any treasonous plots against Elizabeth.
45
Who decided when the Parliament met?
Elizabeth
46
What did Elizabeth see Parliament as?
An inconvenient necessity
47
What were performances?
A social hub for entertainment and political gain. Banquets, musical performances and plays gave an impression of power and money
48
What were progresses?
Touring around the country with the Court, visiting the homes of the nobility.
49
What was the Parliament used for?
Called if the monarch needed new laws to be passed or to introduce new laws. IT WAS NOT THEIR ROLE TO GOVERN!
50
What was the Privy Council?
A group of men whose role it was to advise and direct policy. Elizabeth did not have to take their advice, but they still had considerable powers. They also guided Parliamentary business on behalf of the Queen.
51
What was patronage?
Showing favouritism by giving men in Court particular jobs, this encouraged competition.
52
What was the Royal Court?
A mobile household, not confined to one building.
| A centre of political power in the Tudor period.
53
In the Globe Theatre, what was the Gentlemen's Room?
A section of seating which was on the same level as the balcony costing 2 pence. On the right and left of this, there were boxes for groups of friends or family costing 4 pence.
54
During The Tempest, what would you have heard if you had sat in The Gentlemen's Room?
Canon balls rolling around on the roof to create a thunder like effect
55
In the Globe Theatre, what was 'The Pit'?
A section of the audience where you paid 1 penny to stand and watch. It held 1000 people and they were usually described as 'Groundlings'. It was also open to the weather.
56
In the Globe Theatre, what was The Stage?
Where actors would perform, there were hidden cellar doors which allowed actors to appear or disappear. There was also a wall at the back of the stage called the 'Frons Scenae' which allowed access to the 'Tiring Room' where actors changed costume.
57
In the Globe Theatre, what was the Lords Room?
Usually used by musicians and sometimes actors (e.g. Juliet's balcony), it was the closest to the action and you had to pay 5 pence to sit here, but actors would often make it a memorable experience.
58
In the Globe Theatre, what were The Heavens?
A room in the theatre with a trapdoor that allowed performers to descend from the ceiling on a rope or a harness
59
How many people could the Globe Theatre seat?
3000 max.
60
What did Shakspeare want his plays to do?
Educate people as many were illiterate and therefore couldn't read books to educate themselves.
61
How many plays and sonnets did Shakespeare right?
39 plays, 154 sonnets
62
What % of The Globe did Shakespeare own?
12.5%
63
The story of how The Globe was built...
1574- James Burbage obtained a license which allowed him and sons to put on plays to wider audiences.
1567- Built The Red Lion
1579- Built The Theatre
1596- City of London refused to allow theatres to be built inside city walls becuase of bad reputation and crime.
Xmas 1596- Burbages and actors dismantled The Theatre during the night and
1599- Rebuilt The Theatre on he south bank of the river Thames and renamed it The Globe Theatre.
The money was shared between Burbages and 4 actors
64
Who was James Burbage backed by and how did this help?
Backed by The Queen and Robert Dudley, this showed Patronage.
65
Who was Richard Burbage?
James Burbage's son and lead actor in The Globe. His most celebrated roles were in Hamlet and Macbeth.
66
In Medieval times, why was the content of the plays so shocking?
Some religious figures were shown presented as being a drunk fool and there were jokes made about the crucifixion of Jesus. The Church and the Government had no control over the content.
67
What was the Medieval stage like?
It was a temporary one and was often built in the street or in town squares. This meant that anyone could watch the play and for some mystery plays they even moved around different towns for different scenes.
68
What were the most famous plays in Medieval times?
The most famous were the 'mystery plays' of York, Coventry, Chester and Wakefield.
69
Who set up the plays in Medieval times?
Guilds, groups of people who shared the same trade or craft, e.g. stonemasons or carpenters.
70
Who took part in the plays?
As there were no professional actors, the parts were usually filled by members of the guild
71
What were the main subjects of the plays?
Usually, it was based around Bible stories or stories around Christian mythology, like Noah's ark, The Easter Story. Any original content was very rare.
72
In Elizabethan time, who acted in the plays?
There were professional actors that were paid by professional acting companies, for example, Richard Burbage.
73
What was performed instead of religious plays in Elizabethan times?
They were comedies, tragedies and histories that were written especially to be performed and educate illiterate people.
74
Who controlled the content of the plays?
All plays had to be approved by Lord Chamberlain before they could be performed. Often the whole Privy Council would review the play.
75
What play saw three actors arrested?
In 1597, 'The Isle of Dogs' saw 3 actors arrested and all copies destroyed after the Privy Council disapproved the content.
76
What are the 5 different places in The Globe Theatre that we need to know about?
The pit, The Lords Room, The Gentlemen's room, The Heavens, The stage
77
Name 3 differences between a Medieval theatre and an Elizabethan theatre
- Medieval theatres were mobile and public events
- The content of Medieval plays generall made jokes about religion
- There was no difference in class in a Medieval theatre
78
What was the name of 3 key individuals involved in The Globe Theatre?
William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage (son) and James Burbage
79
Who was most significant in the development of The Globe Theatre? Why?
William Shakespeare because he was the main playwright that wrote 39 plays and 164 sonnets, people bought tickets to see his shows.
80
What does the 'Chain of Being' tell us about Elizabethan society?
People were divided into different classes
81
When was the Globe Theatre built?
1599
82
Who was responsible for the build/design if the Globe Theatre?
James Burbage
83
In which part of London was the location of the Globe Theatre?
The Southbank because the City of London wouldn't allow any theatres inside the City walls because of the crime it brung into the city.
84
What other forms of entertainment could you see in the Entertainment district?
Cockfighting
| Bear Baiting
85
How many people lived in London in the 16th Century?
200,000
86
What % of the Globe Theatre did Shakespeare own?
12.5%
87
If you were a member of the nobility, where would you sit? Why?
The Lords Room- most expensive, closest to the stage
88
What were the nicknames of the people in the pit?
Groundlings
89
How many people could fit in the pit?
1000
90
How many people could the Globe Theatre house altogether?
3000
91
What was the cost of a ticket in the Lords Room?
5 pence
92
Where might you sit if you were a member of the gentry?
The Gentlemens Room
93
Who was Christopher Marlowe?
Poet/Playright/actor...He inspired Shakespeare
94
Give 3 reasons why people of different classes might go to the Theatre.
See people of a higher class
Show patronage
Show off wealth/status
95
List 5 pros of marriage for Elizabeth
- Legitimate heir to the throne
- No more talking about her marriage
- Bring money/wealth into the country
- Create allies with other countries
- Solve economic problems
96
List 9 cons of marriage for Elizabeth
- He could potentially take control, Elizabeth would lose power
- People may not like him
- She would lose personal freedom
- Become the wife of a King
- Could create riots and rebellions
- Could cause wars
- Potential for divorce (cause major problems)
- Most suitable candidates were Catholic
- English King could cause an imbalance in court
97
What were the names of the 4 candidates for Elizabeth to marry?
- Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
- Duke of Anjou
- King Phillip of Spain
- Prince Eric of Sweeden
98
What were the pros of Elizabeth marrying Prince Eric of Sweeden?
- He often sent her letter
- Popular in England
- Sweeden had major European power
99
What were the cons of Elizabeth marrying Prince Eric of Sweeden?
- His father didn't want him to marry her
| - Poor country
100
What were the pros of Elizabeth marrying Phillip II of Spain?
-Spain was a powerful and rich country
101
What were the cons of Elizabeth marrying Phillip II of Spain?
- Previously married to Elizabeth's sister Mary I
- Treated Mary badly, rarely saw her and failed to produce an heir
- Unpopular in England
- Spain was a Catholic country
- Involved England in costly wars
102
What were the pros of Elizabeth marrying Robert Dudley?
- Childhood friends
| - One of Elizabeths favourite in court
103
What were the cons of Elizabeth marrying Robert Dudley?
- Already married, but wife Amy was found dead at bottom of staircase
- Accidental death, but lots of rumours
- Marriage would've been scandalous because of rumours
104
What were the pros of Elizabeth marrying Duke of Anjou?
-Clear affection between him and Elizabeth
105
What were the cons of Elizabeth marrying Duke of Anjou?
- Made proposal when Elizabeth was in her 50s (no children)
- Massacre of Protestants in France (Bartholowmew massacre 1572)
- Unpopular in England
- Most of Privy Council didn't approve
106
What happened in the Essex rebellion?
When a new generation of politicians arrived Cecil was appointed in 1591 and caught Elizabeths eye. Cecils rise to power upset Essex. Essex secretly married without the Queens permission, this angered Elizabeth and he lost his temper, she punched him and banished him from court. She gave him the chance to redeem himself, Elizabeth asked him to defeat a rebellion in Ireland in 1598, she promoted Cecil whilst he was away, he came back and burst into Queens bedchamber and had to stand for 5h whilst being interrogated. He was banned from Court and placed under house arrest.
107
Why did the wealthy get wealthier?
- More affordable things for houses (chimneys, glass)
- Population rose
- More books published in English (Bible)
- Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh (discovered/stole gold, tobacco, tomato-STATUS SYMBOLS)
108
What was the problem of poverty like in the country?
- Lots of dark thatched cottages with only small opening in roofs for smoke to escape
- Spent lots of time outside and the only jobs were on farms
- With the small amount of money you earnt, you could buy a small loaf of bread, butter and ale
109
What was the problem of poverty like in the cities?
- Lots of crops failed so malnutrition and disease was very common
- After dark, the streets were terrifying
- You could pay someone to go from door to door to light fires
- Most parents lose half their children
- Plague-if found in a house, it should be boarded up until everyone is dead or people have survived for 6 weeks
110
How did architecture influence Elizabethan England?
New and extravagant houses were built to impress, this reflects how important it was to show off your status and wealth to others
111
How did the theatre influence Elizabethan England?
Actors were seen as a threat to law and order, they had to have a license to perform to wider audiences from 1572. Theatres allowed all sections of society to be together, yet due to the taverns, bear baiting crimes and brothels, it didn't have positive connotations.
112
How did fashion influence Elizabethan England?
The wealth of the Gentry helped the dire development of new fashions and status symbols. What you wore had a massive impact on your social rank/ status.
113
How did books influence Elizabethan England?
The Government controlled the licensing of the printing press to censor books. The most widely read boom during Elizabeth's reign was John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, it was critical of Mary I and flattered Elizabeth.
114
How did art influence Elizabethan England?
Elizabeth became an item of worship and art was used to show how powerful she was. Every household was expected to have a portrait of Elizabeth where she was represented as powerful and glorious.
115
How did music influence Elizabethan England?
Music was classified into different types (court music, church music, street music etc.) and it was considered an important part of life. It was much more expensive than today, but it was designed to reflect peoples feelings.
116
What were the 5 mains causes of poverty?
- A rising population/Inflation
- Henry VIII's debasement of the coinage
- Wars
- Changes in the cloth trade
- Changes in farming/bad harvests/rack-renting
117
How did a rising population and inflation affect poverty?
There was a massive population growth, between 1550 and 1600 it rose by 43%, this put huge pressure on resources and with not many jobs, wages stayed the same. The demand for food increased, but inflation was a huge problem throughout Europe, not just England.
118
How did Henry VIII affect poverty?
Henry VIII made inflation worse by reducing the value of coinage in the 1540s, by doing this it helped him pay for wars against France and Scotland
119
How did ward affect poverty?
Whenever wars were fought, taxes would be increased. At the end of the wars, there were large number of out of work soldiers that needed to find new employment.
120
How did changes in the cloth trade affect poverty?
The collapse of the cloth trade in the 1550s deprived England of revenue of its usual export markets. Trade monopolies were encouraged by Elizabeth and her Government to push prices up, but this made the rich richer and the poor poorer.
121
How did changes in farming affect poverty?
Agricultural crises and innovation put more pressure on the poor. There were Dearth condition in England before Elizabeth became Queen in the 1550s and again in the 1590s. Food was already in short supply because of the increased population so the threat of famine pushed prices higher. Rack-renting was also a major problem for farmers as greedy landlords would put the price of houses extremely high to make money.
122
Define the 'impotent poor'
People unable to provide for themselves
123
Define the 'idle poor'
Dishonest layabouts (Vagabonds)
124
Define vagrants
Homeless people
125
Define canting
Coded language
126
Define anglers
People that steal washing off lines at night
127
Definer a ruffler
Looked like an army officer, but robbed people at sword point
128
Define clapperdudgeons
People that pretended to be wounded with bandages and bleeding
129
Define a doxy
Someone that wore a needle in her hat and stolen goods on her back
130
Define counterfeit cranks
Dressed in old clothes and pretended to have epileptic fits using soap to foam at the mouth
131
Define Abraham men
People that pretended to be mad and walked around half naked
132
Define a puritan
Devout protestant
133
List 6 causes of exploration
- Ottoman Empire and loss of a trade route
- Age of Renaissance
- Printing Press
- Astrolabe (plotting ships correctly)
- Gunpowder
- The need for a market to sell woollen cloth
134
Why was Sir Walter Raleigh a hero?
- He received a Royal Patent from Elizabeth to establish a colony
- Named an area of North America 'Virginia' after Elizabeth
- Discovered wine, oil, sugar and flax
- He saw colonisation as a way of solving poverty in England
135
Why was Sir Walter Raleigh a villain, what were his failures?
- Both of Raleigh's attempts at colonisation failed
- Faced food shortages and returned home after a year
- In 1595 Raleigh set out on another voyage, which was unsuccessful
- It was 4 years after Elizabeths death that the first successful English colony was established in Virginia
136
Why was Sir Francis Drake a hero?
- Survived an attack by swimming to safety
- Gained attention of Elizabeth
- Stole boats and treasure
- First Englishman to see and sail the Pacific Ocean
- Helped win the Spanish Armada
137
Why did Elizabeth not celebrate Drake?
Because she wanted to remain peaceful with Spain
138
What were the 2 aims of The Religious Settlement?
Aim 1: Keep both religions happy, heal divisions and avoid war
Aim 2: Have power and control over the church
139
When was the Act of Supremacy?
1559
140
When was the Act of Uniformity?
1559
141
What was the Act of Supremacy in 1559?
| MIDDLE WAY
Elizabeth made herself Governor of the Church to pacify Catholics who still called the Pope 'Head'. This helped control the Church and religions
142
What was the Act of Uniformity in 1559?
| MIDDLE WAY
Mix between Catholic and Protestant traditions and aims to ensure a middle way. However, leans towards Protestant traditions and values.
143
What was the 1571 Treason Act?
| MIDDLE WAY
By encouraging people not to leave the country and ensuring punishment of death, it stopped people going abroad and training as missionaries, this helped people have more respect for the Queen
144
What happened in the 1572 St Bartholomew's Day massacre?
| MIDDLE WAY
1000's of French protestants were killed n mob violence that is believed to have been brought about by the Catholic government. This increased hatred and fear of Catholicism in England and the relationship with Spain worsened.
145
What was the fine of recusancy in 1581?
| MIDDLE WAY
Anyone who refused to go to English Church services or attempted to turn people to the Catholic faith was a treasonable offence.
146
What was the 1593 Legislation against Catholics?
| MIDDLE WAY
Large gatherings of Catholics was illegal and freedom of movement was restricted, they were not allowed to travel further than 5 miles from their home.
147
What was the 1593 Act Against Seditious Sectaries?
| MIDDLE WAY
A group of Puritan Protestants broke away from the Anglican Church, the authorities could no longer execute anyone accused of being a 'Separatist'.
148
Define treason
A disloyal crime against country, monarch or government
149
Define Religious Settlement
Middle way, finding equality
150
Define Excommunication
expelled from the church
151
Define recusant
Someone who refuses to follow the Anglican Church
152
Define Puritan
A pure/devout protestant
153
Define Jesuits
Catholic religious missionaries
154
How were Mary and Elizabeth related?
They were cousins
155
List the 4 main causes of the Spanish Armada
- Spain was already a powerful Catholic country that had conquered other countries
- Phillip was a devout Catholic (In 1569 he expelled all Protestants from Spain and burnt them)
- Phillip had a minor claim to the English throne and fantasised that English Catholics were waiting for him
- Execution of Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) in 1887
156
List 9 consequences of the Spanish Armada
- Tried to invade in other armadas, but both destroyed by storms
- Spain's empire continued to grow
- English didn't defeat Spain and small wars continued
- English pirates continued to attack Spanish ships for treasure
- Armada not the start of a Spanish empire in the New World
- Proved Elizabeth was a strong leader
- Elizabeth became more confident using the sea to make England stronger
- Elizabeth could use this to prove that Protestantism was the true religion of England
- Financially ruined and humiliated Spain
157
When was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
158
Who was involved in the Northern Rebellion?
Mary Queen of Scots
Duke of Norfolk
Sir Nicholas Throckmorton
Robert Dudley
159
What was the plan in the Northern Rebellion?
1. Rescue Mary and marry her
2. Overthrow Elizabeth
3. Make Mary Queen
4. Return England to a Catholic country again
160
Why did the Northern Rebellion go wrong?
- Rebellion was easily crushed by Elizabeths army
- Lack of support from Mary
- Strategic errors from rebels
- confessed to Queen
161
When was the Ridolfi Plot?
1571
162
Who was involved in the Ridolfi Plot?
Roberto Ridolfi
Phillip II of Spain
Duke of Alba
163
What was the plan in the Ridolfi Plot?
1. Free Mary
2. Marry her to the Duke of Norfolk
3. Overrule Elizabeth, make Mary Queen
4. Duke of Alba to lead Spanish troops to Spain
164
Why did the Ridolfi Plot fail?
- Spain backed down
- Troops didn't materialise
- Uncovered by Privy Council and presented to Elizabeth
165
When was the Throckmorton Plot?
1583
166
Who was involved in the Throckmorton Plot?
French Catholic forces and Francis Throckmorton de Mendoza (Spanish ambassador)
167
What was the plan in the Throckmorton Plot?
1. French Catholic forces to invade England
2. Liberate Mary
3. Elizabeth captured, make Mary Queen
4. Start Catholic uprising
168
Why did the Throckmorton plot fail?
Walsingham discovered it
169
When was the Babington Plot?
1586
170
Who was involved in the Babington Plot?
Anthony Babington
| Mary
171
What was the plan in the Babington Plot?
1. Rescue Mary
2. Murder Elizabeth
3. Mary become Queen
4. Re-establish Catholocism
172
Why did the Babington Plot fail?
- Sent letters in barrels, intercepted by Francis Walsingham, given as evidence
- Babington arrested and confessed, implicating Mary, who was put on trial and arrested
173
Define the reformation.
The changes that Henry VIII made to the Catholic church (1533 onwards)
174
Define the divine right of kings.
Gods chosen ruler on earth
