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Elizabethan England Flashcards

1
Q

What were some of Elizabeth’s early problems?

A

Expensive wars left England in debt

Catholics didn’t see Elizabeth as a legitimate heir to the throne as King Henry VIII, had Parliament annul his marriage to Elizabeth’s mother

Mary before set a bad example of how queens rule

There were tensions with other countries like Spain

She was 25

Marriage as if she married then her husband would be in control of her but if she doesn’t then there will be no heir after her

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2
Q

Why was religion a problem in England?

A

The country was split into two different religious beliefs that disagreed heavily with each other

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3
Q

What was the religious settlement?

A

An attempt by Elizabeth I to unite the country after the changes in religion under Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I.

It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs.

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4
Q

What were the successes of the religious settlement?

A

8000 priests agreed out of roughly 10000 parishes

Majority of ordinary people agreed with it

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5
Q

What were the failures of the religious settlement?

A

Only 1 out of 28 bishops agreed with it

Some catholics in the north refused to attend the mixed services

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6
Q

What were some of the conditions under the religious settlement?

A

Churches and services should be plain.

Priests should wear bright robes and not marry.

All clergy were to wear clerical dress and a white linen gown and not marry.

Plain robes should be worn by churchmen and they should be allowed to marry.

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7
Q

What were some of the threats posed by the puritans?

A

They believed that the church of England is too catholic

They believed that they shouldn’t be controlled by the queen

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8
Q

What was the crucifix controversy?

A

Puritans believed that the crucifix represents idols which they were against

Elizabeth thought that the crucifix would be kept to please catholics

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9
Q

What was the vestment controversy?

A

Elizabeth wanted priests to wear vestments to set them apart from ordinary people

Puritans disagreed with this, and some churches didn’t follow this

This led to many priests losing their place

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10
Q

Exocommunicated

A

To be removed or suspended from the church

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11
Q

What were some of the catholic threats to Elizabeth?

A

Death threats to Elizabeth

Hosting secret masses and using priest holes hide priests

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12
Q

Priest hole

A

Specially concealed places within houses where Priests could hide away safely during the time when Catholics were being persecuted.

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13
Q

Jesuits

A

A person sent on a religious mission to promote christianity

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14
Q

What was the catholic threat towards elizabeth?

A

Death threats and jesuits being sent out on missions

The effect pf the Pope’s word

Secret masses being held and priests being kept in priest holes

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15
Q

Why was Mary Queen of Scotts a threat to Elizabeth?

A

She had a legitimate claim to the throne while Elizabeth’s claim was ‘ illegitimate ‘

She was a catholic

She had an heir

She had family in france so could limit tension between countries if put on the throne

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16
Q

Who were the three men involved in the Northern rebellion?

A

Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Northumberland, Earl of Westmorland

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17
Q

Duke of Norfolk

A

One of Elizabeth’s most senior nobles

Name was Thomas Howard

Was Protestant but was open to catholic ideas as most of his family was catholic

Wife told him to plot against Elizabeth

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18
Q

Earl of Northumberland

A

Was catholic

Wife encouraged him to plot against Elizabeth

Real name was Thomas Percy

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19
Q

Earl of Westmorland

A

Real name was charles neville

The brother in law of the duke of norfolk

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20
Q

What was mary queen of scott’s backstory?

A

Had to rule Scotland at 6 days old as her father died, but her mother took control as she was too young

When she came back, Scotland was mostly protestant and she was catholic, meaning she didn’t get a great reception

She married her cousin, who was killed, and mary was convicted

She was forced to abdicate, and fled to Elizabeth in England and was placed under house arrest

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21
Q

What were the long tern causes of the rebellion?

A

Change in religion

Elizabeth didn’t give the nobles what they wanted

The government started taking away the noble’s authority

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22
Q

What was the rebellion’s aims?

A

To take Elizabeth off of the throne

To make the duke of Norfolk king and marry MQS to him

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23
Q

What happened in the northern rebellion?

A

Elizabeth found out about the rebellion, and arrested Duke of Norfolk. The rest carried on with the rebellion

They took control of the cathedral in durham and held a mass

The supporting troops that were supposed to have come from Spain never arrived

The revolt crushed and approximately 450 people were executed, including the Earl of Northumberland and Westmorland, but not Norfolk, her cousin

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24
Q

What was the rudolfi plot plan?

A

To murder Elizabeth

To launch 10,000 incase of invasion if necessary

To put MQS on the throne

To marry MQS to Duke of Norfolk

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25
What happened in the rudolfi plot and how did Elizabeth respond?
William Cecil found enough evidence to find out that the Duke Of Norfolk was plotting against Elisabeth again Elizabeth killed Duke of Norfolk but didn't do anything to MQS
26
What was the significance of the rudolfi plot?
Reinforced the threat of MQS and foreign catholics Elizabeth concentrated of improving relations with france Laws were passed, fining people who were converting to Catholicism
27
What was the plan of the Throckmorton plot?
To overthrow Elizabeth, restore Catholicism and put MQS on the throne
28
What happened in the throckmorton plot?
Papers were found at Throckmorton's house and he was tortured and executed
29
What was the significance of the Throckmorton plot?
Emphasised the threat of MQS The fear of Catholicism within was real Life became much harder for catholics
30
What was the plan for the Babington plot?
Elizabeth would be killed The Duke of Guise would send 60,000 troops in MQS would be put on the throne
31
What happened in the Babington plot?
Mary was found guilty of this plot and was sentenced to death The plot was stopped early before anything happened
32
Babington plot significance
Relations between England and foreign countries had broken down Elizabeth's government became determined to crush Catholicism. Mary's execution meant no catholic to replace Elizabeth
33
Why was MQS executed?
Was involved in many plots in overthrowing Lizzy Was too much of a threat to keep alive
34
What was the treaty of Joinville?
Where the french and the spanish pledged to end protestantism in europe
37
What caused the Dutch revolt?
Unhappiness in the Netherlands about Spanish influence in dutch affairs
39
Why was Elizabeth concerned about the Spanish presence in the Netherlands?
Because the Netherlands is an easy way for the Spanish to attack britain as it was close to britain
40
How does Elizabeth feel about war with Spain?
41
Who were the sea beggars and how did Elizabeth help them?
The dutch rebels who fled to the sea when in conflict with Spain. Elizabeth helped them by allowing them to shelter in the English harbours
42
Who was robert dudley?
Elizabeth's favourite commander Was involved in getting the troops from the Netherlands in the treaty of nonsuch
43
Who was sir francis drake?
A famous Elizabethan voyager and explorer who help England to raid spanish ships throughout the Elizabethan era Also circumnavigated the earth
44
What was the "new world"?
The newly discovered continent of America
45
What was the " singeing of the king of Spain's beard " ?
Otherwise known as the raid on Cadiz, was drake raiding ships and took supplies and ships to delay Philip's Armada
46
What was the significance of the " singeing of the king of Spain's beard? "
The event not only destroyed Spain's reputation as a powerful country but also humiliated Philip personally
47
Why was the spanish leadership choice a significant error for their armada?
Because leadership was chose off of authority and class, so their leader had no experience at sea However, England's captain was very experienced, and had good pirates like drake and Walter Raleigh
48
What was significant about the choice of style of ship in the armada?
The spanish chose galleons ( bigger ships ) which were very large but slow and difficult to turn The english chose small but nimble ships that could attack from long range, which could counter the Spanish approach
49
What was the Spanish naval formation called?
A crescent formation
50
What were some early spanish difficulties in the armada?
They ran into storms, leading to loss of supplies and forced the ships to be repaired
51
Where was the Armada first spotted and what was the English response?
It was spotted at Cornwall, and beacons were lit up all the way up to London to notify the Queen that the Spanish were launching an attack The english sent ships after the armada up the channel, but the formation was hard to break down The spanish only lost 3 ships
52
What happened at the battle of Calais?
While the Spanish were harboured, Drake snuck up on them and sent old fireships into the crescent formation No ships were burnt, but some ships were blown to the sea banks of the Netherlands The formation had been broken up
53
What happened at the attack at Gravelines?
The english had broken the formation, and they shot low at the spanish ships 5 spanish ships were lost with many other being badly damaged No english ships were lost
54
What were the final events of the armada?
There were rumours that the duke of parma would still invade, but the spanish knew they had lost They fled and the english won the battle
55
What was the " protestant wind ?"
The wind that was blowing against the spanish in the english favour Meant the fireships could be blown into the crescent formation Meant that the spanish were going against the wind in all of the battles
56
What was the significance of Elizabeth's speech?
Shows that she wasn't a coward sat in her house and that she was just like the soldiers Boosted morale for the english soldiers
57
What were the consequences of the spanish defeat?
Propaganda value for Elizabeth English naval dominance Spanish global dominance
58
Propanpganda value for Elizabeth armada consequence significance
She had a parade and was given a medal Famous painting was also made of her, flattering her bravery and victory
59
English naval dominance armada consequence significance
England were now shown to be very good at sea, and had lots of naval dominance This meant that England could trade with other countries in the open sea
60
Spanish global dominance armada consequence significance
Even though the armada was a disaster, the war would continue until the end of Elizabeths reign Philip would still fight that Catholicism was the best religion as Spain still had great global dominance
61
What was the " great chain of being" ?
A hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought by medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God
62
What was education like before elizabeth?
Any education you received was to prepare you for your place in the great chain of being. Usually education focused upon practical skills, but there was some literacy. Only a small percentage of children went to school at all Very few girls received any education at all.
63
What was education like after elizabeth?
30% of men and 10% of women were literate by the end of Elizabeth’s reign. At the beginning of her reign, it was 20% men, 10% women. By the end of Elizabeth’s reign, many people believed girls should be educated. The main obstacle to schooling was cost. For ordinary people, girls were still supposed to marry, not work outside the home. Boys could use their education to get a better job and provide for their families
64
Why did education improve significantly?
New grammar schools meant that children were now educated independently of the church Scholarships allowed people from poorer backgrounds to receive an education Literacy improved, especially in the towns.
65
What were the attitudes toward education?
There was no system Was focused on practical skills needed for their expected job rather than literacy Only 15-20 % of people could read and write Very few children went to school as all schools had fees
66
Why did views on education change?
Philosophers said that education was valuable and not merely a way of preparing people for a role in life Protestants argued that people ought to be able to study the scriptures. This required people to read, boosting literacy Books became less expensive, encouraging people to learn to read
67
What were parish schools like?
Set up locally by the Church and run by the clergy. Taught basic literacy to the children of yeoman farmers and craftsmen.
68
What were private tutors like?
Delivered education privately to members of the nobility, who often finished their education in the household of another noble family.
69
What were universities like?
In Elizabethan England there were two universities: Oxford and Cambridge. There you studied geometry, music, astronomy, philosophy, logic and rhetoric (persuasive speaking used in law), medicine, law and divinity. The highest possible university qualification was the doctorate.
70
What were petty schools like?
Run privately from people's homes. Attended by children of the gentry, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen.
71
What were grammar schools like?
Provided an education independently of the Church and charged fees, although scholarships were available for poorer families, attended by the children of the gentry, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen. Boys were taught the Bible, debating, Latin, French, Greek and philosophy. The sons of yeomen farmers and craftsmen were taught reading, writing and mathematics.
72
What was music and dancing like?
All classes were passionate about music Many people played instruments People listened to musical performances Dancing was popular but classes wouldn't mix dance classes
73
What were spectator sports like?
Watching animals fight to the death was very popular Football wasn't played in stadiums like we know today but on the streets and was played differently Bear baiting and cock fighting was popular
74
What was bear baiting?
A bear would be tied to a post and dogs would be unleashed to try and kill it The bear often had the advantage, as the bears were very expensive
75
What was cock fighting?
Two cockerels would fight to the death
76
What was literature and reading like?
History was popular from voyages people have been on Poetry and plays were very popular, like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe
77
What were sports like?
The wealthier classes could do hunting on horseback, hawking, fishing, fencing and tennis The working class people would play football and both classes wrestled and swum
78
Who were poor people usually?
Widows and women Sick and elderly Orphaned children People on low wages The homeless
79
What were the reasons for poverty in England?
Population growth Increasing demand for land Sheep farming Enclosure Economic recessions Bad harvests
80
What was enclosure?
Land was divided into fields for animal husbandry, arable farming or both ('up and down farming') and given to farmers who farmed for profit. This denied people use of common land (land that could be used by everyone), which meant they were unable to provide for their families.
81
What was sheep farming?
The growth of the wool trade meant that many farmers wanted to rear sheep rather than grow food
82
What were the reasons for changing attitudes towards the poor
The fear that poverty led to disorder and it could cause rebellion The cost of dealing with the poor Population changes and enclosure meant that the poor were a visible presence in england
83
What was significant about the poor people and what did people do about it?
Some were physically and mentally unable to work, while some could work, but chose not to The people who could work were severely punished by beating them up, whipping or even hanging.
84
85
Who were vagrants and vagabonds?
Homeless and unemployed people who would roam around the country and beg were called vagabonds
86
What encouraged people in England to go on voyages?
Adventure Trade Technological advancements
87
Why was drake's voyage so hard?
Because they were traveling against the wind into Spanish territory and the weather was unpredictable
88
What happened to the other ships in drake's voyage?
2 were lost at sea, the Marigold was wrecked and the Elizabeth sailed back to england
89
What went well in drake's voyage?
Drake could rob the Spanish without them knowing and got lots of money New places and colonies were discovered
90
What colonies did drake find on his voyage?
Created a name of modern day California called " nova albion "
91
What lands did drake visit on his voyage?
All across America, Canada, Mexico, South Africa, Lots of islands and the Philippines
92
Why was the colonisation of Virginia a failure?
The skills of the colonists weren't evenly spread out The natives in Virginia refused to work The expectations of Virginia were larger than reality
93
What was the significance of the colonisation of Virginia?
Gave England a presence in America Gave other explorers information about the Americas Benefited England financially
94
What is the Genoese Loan, and why does it anger the Spanish?
The loan that Elizabeth seized from the spanish that had been given to them by bankers from Italy This angered the Spanish as Elizabeth had stolen their money
96
What did the treaty of Joinville show Elizabeth?
That she had no allies, and that she could trust no one
99
What was the treaty of nonsuch?
A treaty signed by England and Netherlands, which effectively declared war on Spain Was a money loan sent to the Netherlands for troops

GCSE HISTORY (3 decks)

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