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British History (Part 3) > Elizabeth - religious changes > Flashcards

Elizabeth - religious changes Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the ‘Device for the Alteration of Religion’ say? (probably written by William Cecil)

A
  • outspoken Protestants in East Anglia didn’t represent the whole country
  • majority of laity desired Catholic rites of worship - rituals that had given structure to their lives - not committed to Pope
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2
Q

What does Neale believe Elizabeth wanted in her settlement?

A
  • more moderate
  • more conservative because England was at war and she didn’t wish to offend powerful Catholics (revolt?) or abroad (Philip II)
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3
Q

Why does Neale believe Elizabeth’s settlement came out more Protestant than she intended?

A
  • well-organised and influential nucleus of Puritans (eg. John Cheke and William Cecil)
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4
Q

Where do revisionist historians believe the main opposition came from?

A
  • Catholic bishops in House of Lords
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5
Q

What was the intention of the Bills of Uniformity?

A
  • break with Rome again

- establish uniform patterns of doctrine and liturgy

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6
Q

Why did the House of Lords not pass the Bills of Uniformity?

A
  • Bishop Scot of Chester explains…
  • Parliament had no right to determine Church doctrine, only clergy
  • had learnt that if they made small concessions eg. 1532 Submission of the Clergy - it could have eventual massive ramifications
  • bills rejected transubstantiation
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7
Q

How did Elizabeth defend her Bills of Uniformity? (she could afford to do this because she had made her peace with France in C-C so she didn’t have to worry about Philip) What happened?

A
  • set up debate between Protestants and Catholics
  • Protestants attacked Pope, use of Latin, the spiritual value of the mass
  • Catholics made strategic mistake and withdrew, Elizabeth seized opportunity and imprisoned two Marian bishops, reducing number of Catholic bishops in House of Lords
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8
Q

What did the Act of Supremacy do?

A
  • ‘Supreme Governor’
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9
Q

Why did she take the title ‘Supreme Governor’ instead of Supreme Head?

A
  • to avoid a rebellion of John Knox and Knoxians as she was a female and he had written ‘The First Blast of the trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of women’
  • additionally, Knox didn’t agree with state-controlled Church - ‘governor’ appears to place more control into individuals hands
  • moderate compromise as Catholics could see her as governor and perhaps Pope as true head
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10
Q

What is Haigh’s view on the 1559 Book of Common Prayer?

A
  • it was exactly as Elizabeth wanted, wanted to allow all except most extreme Protestants and Papists to be involved
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11
Q

What stance did the 1559 BofCP take on transubstantiation?

A
  • communion = an act of remembrance AND laity were being given body and blood
  • insulting references to Pope were removed from 1552 Prayer Book
  • removal of Black Rubric that stated the kneeling was only a formality and did not imply Christ was present - how they could kneel and Catholics were free to believe he was
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12
Q

What was another hark back to the Catholic past?

A
  • wearing of vestments
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13
Q

How did the 1559 Injunctions attack certain Catholic practises? (although it

A
  • forbade pilgrimages
  • forbade monuments to ‘supposed miracles’ but not all destroyed
  • preaching was to be licensed BUT strict rules, had to have a Master of Arts degree from Oxford/ Cambridge (required 15 sermons per year)
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14
Q

How did Elizabeth ensure that she benefitted financially from the settlement?

A
  • assumed control of First Fruits and Tenths
  • 1559: Act of Exchange - gave Liz right to take over property from bishopric see when vacant, also prevented bishops from renting out land for over 21 years other than to her
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15
Q

What was the intention of the Visitations covering the province of Canterbury?

A
  • designed to enforce compliance with 1559 Injunctions (attacked Catholic practises but were still moderate)
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16
Q

How were the Visitations supposed to go?

A
  • senior clergy to parishes to examine beliefs of clergy and observance of laity
  • commissioners to report back to bishops
17
Q

How did the Visitations end up and why?

A
  • many commissioners took action on spot
  • some early ones were violent (destruction of altars, images and clerical clothing)
  • majority conducted by conviction Protestants
  • many bishops overlooking the Visitations believed the Settlement of 1559 to be temporary
18
Q

What dispute over crucifixes was there?

A
  • Elizabeth wanted to retain crucifixes in all parish churches
  • Bishop Jewel and Grindal resigned and Liz backed down
19
Q

How did it come to Elizabeth’s attention that Protestant clergy were refusing to wear the (Catholic) vestments laid down in the Act of Uniformity?

A
  • she had herself become increasingly aware of reports of widespread clergy to wear them
  • AB Parker may have brought it to her attention, he was facing inaction by a number of bishops who were prepared to ignore clergy failings
20
Q

What did the Advertisements of 1566 outline?

A
  • doctrine - font should be used for baptism
  • administration of sacraments - bread and wine given to those kneeling
  • clerical dress - surplice only should be worn for church services, biretta should be worn outside
21
Q

In what way were the Advertisements a compromise?

A
  • Elizabeth had expected more? than just the white surplice
  • discussions Parker had with Grindal makes it clear that the surplice was all that they would tolerate (more than most of the London clergy)
22
Q

What kind of reaction was there to Parker’s parade of outfits at Lambeth Palace?

A
  • 37 refused to wear what Parker had believed was a compromise on theological grounds, that the clergy were of the people and should not be set so heavily apart
23
Q

How did the Vesterian controversy escalate?

A
  • Protestant pamphlets produced arguing that biblical references banned surplices
  • extreme Puritans began to argue that the Monarch did not have the right to determine clerical dress (eg. Knox who believed it should be in the hands of the individual church ministers)
24
Q

Why was a Church schism now possible?

A
  • separatists eg. Anabaptists (rejected idea that state had any control over religion) became unwilling to accept mainstream Protestant thinking that the monarch had the right to determine clerical dress and desired a Calvinist system in which decisions were in hands of individual church ministers
25
Q

AB Parker asked Elizabeth to enforce the Advertisements officially - which might she have refused?

A
  • to interfere would be to act in the manner which had incensed the extreme Protestants
  • if it was given legal authority then offenders would be tried (perhaps become martyrs for the cause)
26
Q

Where did Catholicism continue? Why?

A
  • Visitations only dealt with AB of Canterbury
  • more conservative areas away from London
  • Sander (contemporary) - “not so many as one in a hundred… are Protestant”
  • financially eg. Church of Lancashire = difficult to invest in new prayer books and Bibles
27
Q

Why is it hard to estimate how many numbers of Catholics there were?

A
  • various types
  • adhered to pre-Reformation rites and rituals
  • Church papists - loyal to Catholic beliefs but attended Anglican services
  • Recusants - refused to attend Church of England services and continued belief in papal supremacy
28
Q

What demonstrations of Catholicism were found in the Visitations in the Province of York in 1560s?

A
  • East Riding of Yorkshire: Masses for dead and images still used as focus for prayer
  • Church of Swine in Yorkshire: banner of 5 Wounds used in Pilgrimage of Grace
  • Lancashire: rood lofts still found, parishes still lacked Bible in English
  • Visitation of Bishop of Chester: many priests still sympathetic to Catholicism in South Lancashire
29
Q

Give an example of a priest still adhering to Catholic practise

A
  • William Wall - placed sacrament in mouths of communicants
30
Q

What kind of social factors impacted continuation of Catholicism?

A
  • laity were unlikely to adopt beliefs and practises of Elizabethan Church without priest guidance
  • nobility and gentry influence eg. Catholic influence of Earl of Arundel in West Sussex = significant
31
Q

What shows that Catholics conformed and thus they were less of a problem than Protestants?

A
  • most attended Anglican Church services

- did not challenge Elizabeth’s position as queen (whereas Protestants were challenging this)

32
Q

How was Elizabeth complicit to Catholic conformity and why?

A
  • Elizabeth was complicit in this - never offered second chance to swear Oath of Supremacy which would have resulted in death
  • no one was put to death for saying Mass
  • she didn’t have the resources to tackle non-compliance
  • risked political instability and potential challenge from gentry and aristocracy
  • relations with foreign powers Pope was advised that England could be won back through diplomacy and Pope was advised not to intervene in England by Spain

British History (Part 3) (10 decks)

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