Elizabeth - key topic 3 Flashcards
Originally what was the purpose of education?
To prepare for their expected roles in society.
Originally what percentage of the population could read and write?
15-20%
What were some changing attitudes towards education? (3)
- By the early 1500s humanists argued that education was valuable. 2. Protestants wanted people to read the scriptures so literacy rates increased. 3. Growth of printing press meant books were cheaper. 4. Growth of trade meant people needed maths and English so they could record transactions.
What was Elizabethan education for girls?
No formal education unless wealthy when they went to Dame schools or had private tutors.
What were universities like?
Oxford or Cambridge. Could study: music; astronomy; law; medicine or more. From 14 or 15 years old.
What were parish schools?
(up to the age of 10) Set up locally by the Church and run by the clergy. Taught basic literacy to the children of yeoman, farmers and craftsmen
What were grammar schools?
(for boys aged 10 to 14) Provided an education independently of the Church and charged fees - scholarships were available. Boys were taught the Bible, debating, Latin and more.
What were petty schools?
(up to the age of 10) Run privately from people’s homes. Attended by children of the gentry, merchants, yeoman farmers and craftsmen.
What were the changes in education from 1558 to 1588?
- Schools independent from the Church. 2. Scholarships. 3. Literacy improved.
What were some sports for the nobility and were they for men and women or just men?
- Hunting - both. 2. Fishing - both. 3. Real tennis - men. 4. Bowls - men. 5. Fencing - men.
What were some sports for the lower classes and were they for men and women or just men?
Football and wrestling - both for men.
What were 2 spectator sports?
- Baiting - watching animals fight to the death. 2. Cock - fighting - cockerels attacked each other with metal spurs. Both often had betting.
How was literature part of the Elizabethan times and for who?
Old books like Canterbury’s Tales were still popular but there were also new literature written. Mainly fort he wealthy as they could read and write.
Who attended the theatre?
All social classes - poor had to stand, whereas wealthy had seats.
How did the theatre change in the Elizabethan era? (2)
Mystery plays were replayed with secular plays (non religious) which were shown in purpose-built theatres like the Rose. Also comedies became more popular as even the queen sponsored them.
What were 3 instruments that many Elizabethans could play?
Lutes. Spinets. Harpsichords.
Where was music played for the poorer and wealthier?
Poorer - public events; markets; festivals; churches and taverns. Wealthier - hired their own make musicians during meals and feasts.
What was dancing like?
Men and women danced together but the classes were split.
Why did poverty and vagabondage increase from 1558 to 1588? (3)
- Population growth from 3 million to 4.2 million in 50 years. 2. Increasing demand for land. 3. Bad harvests. 4. Sheep farming.
How was population growth a factor for poverty and vagabondage increasing from 1558 to 1588?
There was an increase of prices of food and a decrease in the salaries of people. This meant people couldn’t provide for their families.
How was increasing demand for land a factor for poverty and vagabondage increasing from 1558 to 1588?
Due to the increasing population, there was a demand for land. This drove up prices of rent and made it unaffordable for many.
How were bad harvests a factor for poverty and vagabondage increasing from 1558 to 1588?
It reduced the food supply and drove up the prices.
How was sheep farming a factor for poverty and vagabondage increasing from 1558 to 1588?
The growth of wool trade meant many farmers preferred to rear sheep than grow food.
What were some Elizabethan attitudes towards the poor?
- Poor created disorder in society. 2. Because of increasing population and food prices there was a larger presence of the poor. 3. This forced JPs to develop a more constructive policy.
What were some Elizabethan attitudes towards vagrants?
If they deceived the public, they could be whipped; imprisoned; enslaved or even hanged for begging.
How did Elizabethans distinguish the differences in poverty?
There was the deserving poor e.g. old and sick. There was the undeserving poor e.g. those who were able bodied but lazy.
What were 2 continued actions to support the poor?
- Poor rate - money or items given to sell to help improve lives; organised by JPs. 2. Charity - often funded by local wealthy people
What were 2 changes to support the poor?
- Statue of Artificers 1563 - those who didn’t pay poor rate could be imprisoned. JPs who didn’t organise this could be fined £20. 2. Poor Relief act 1576 - JPs provided raw materials to help the poor sell. Otherwise sent to a house of correction.
What was a repressive change to vagrancy?
1572 Vagrants Act - whipped and a hole through each ear as a first offence. Then imprisoned. Then hung.
What are some factors prompting exploration?
- Adventure. 2. Trade. 3. Private investments. 4. New technology including ships and maps.
How was adventure a factor which promoted exploration?
Some men like Francis Drake published (incorrect) accounts which inspired many men.
How were private investments a factor which promoted exploration?
Elizabeth organised men to undertake the risky adventure and this increased the income of the crown and the nobility.
How was trade a factor which promoted exploration? (2)
They needed new products to sell as after the war with Spain and the Netherlands; they needed more wool and cloth. There was also the triangular trade.
How was new technology a factor which promoted exploration? (3)
Development of nautical devices like quadrants created a more safe voyage. Standardised map in 1569 which made the men more confident. Ships were bigger; faster; easy to maneuver; more stable and could take more supplies.
Why did Drake circumnavigate the world? (3)
- To attack the Spanish. 2. Revenge for when his own people were killed. 3. Profit.
Why was Drake’s circumnavigation significant?
- Declining relations with Spain. 2. England’s reputation at sea increased - Elizabeth saw her Navy as amazing. 3. Further trade and exploration near San Francisco; China; West Africa and India.
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
A nobleman and explorer. 1584 he raised funds for English colonists to go to Virginia but did not lead them himself.
Why was Virginia colonised? (6)
- Trade. 2. Less dependent on other European countries. 3. Welcoming and friendly natives. 4. Raleigh persuaded others it was profitable. 5. Base to attack Spain and new world. 6. Other ventures.
Why did the colonisation of Virginia fail? (5)
- Lack of food. 2. Poor leadership. 3. Lack of skills and experience. 4. Native American attack. 5. War with Spain
How was lack of food a problem which led to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
They left too late to reach Virgini to plant crops. One of their ships let in seawater which ruined the food. —> struggled to feed themselves.
How was poor leadership a problem which led to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
1st leader didn’t get on with the governor of the colony. 2nd leader abandoned the colony in 1587. —> those involved had little direction or purpose which led to abandonment.
How was lack of skills and experience a problem which led to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
Both expeditions lacked skills and experience. Had soldiers but no farmers.
How was the native american attack a problem which led to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
They were angry with the food and diseases brought by the colonists. 1st expedition in Roanoke was abandoned after an attack. Possible the 2nd expedition was also wiped out from this. Some settlers could have become slaves.
How was the war with spain a problem which led to the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
Threat from Armada and new world.
