Elizabeth and religion

Question 1

When did Elizabeth come to the throne?

Answer 1

November 1558

Question 2

What pressures would have contributed to Elizabeth’s decision on making her religious settlement (10 in total)?

Answer 2

1. The returning of Protestant exiles
2. The Houses of Parliament
3. The Privy Council
4. The largely Catholic establishment that Mary had left behind
5. War with France
6. Alliance with Spain (especially as the Netherlands was under Philip’s control)
7. The situation in Scotland (Mary Queen of Scots)
8. The Pope
9. Various advisors
10. Her own beliefs

Question 3

What was the weakness of the Protestant movement when Elizabeth came to the throne?

Answer 3

Many had travelled and embraced more radical views, they were not a united group, which meant they were weaker.

Question 4

True or false: the Bishops were very welcoming to Elizabeth’s religious proposals

Answer 4

False, they were mostly Catholic and helped to defeat her initial proposals in the House of Lords.

Question 5

What territory had England recently lost to France when Elizabeth came to the throne? How was this viewed by the people?

Answer 5

Calais

Resentfully

Question 6

Why was maintaining an alliance with Spain so important for Elizabeth?

Why did Spain want to maintian good relations with England?

Answer 6

The Hasburgs had come to rule much of Europe and were very powerful. They ruled over the Netherlands, which England relied on for their cloth trade (particularly Antwerp).

Spain was short of money and desperate to keep peace and ensure that England did not fall into the hands of a Franco-Scottish alliance.

Question 7

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?

Answer 7

Elizabeth was adamant that there should be no peace without Calais but in April 1559 she had to come to terms with an agreement that stipulated that France would keep Calais for 8 years and then be returned if England had done nothing to forfeit it.

Question 8

Give one positive and one negative outcome of the Treaty of cateau-Cambresis

Answer 8

Positive: secured Elizabeth’s position and allowed her to proceed with her religious settlement

Negative: strengthened relations between Spain and France, creating fear that this could culminate in a joint Catholic invasion of England

Question 9

Why did Scotland pose an issue to Elizabeth?

Answer 9

It had an Auld Alliance with France. Mary Queen of Scots was married to the French Dauphin, Francis. She had a good claim to the English throne so Catholic powers were eager to promote her as a rival queen. Henry II of France encouraged her to use the English coat of arms and assert her rights

Question 10

What lessened Elizabeth’s fears about Scotland?

Answer 10

In 1559, Protestant Lords overthrew the regent (Mary’s mother, Mary of Guise)

Question 11

Outline two documents of advice about the religious settlement that Elizabeth received

Answer 11

• Divers Points of Religion Contrary to the Church of Rome by Richard Goodrich MP argued that Elizabeth should move slowly towards Protestantism and that some of the English wording used in services at the end of Henry’s reign should be used.
• The Device for Alteration of Religion was an anonymous document that urged a group of scholars should be assembled to ‘review the Book of Common Prayer, and order of ceremonies and service in the church’ to lead to an agreement.

Question 12

Why did many Roman Catholics believe that Elizabeth was illegitimate?

Answer 12

They didn’t recognise the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth symbolised the break with Rome and had resisted attending mass, being deemed as a heretic by Mary’s Catholic court

Question 13

What clues do we have about Elizabeth’s personal religious beliefs

Answer 13

• On Christmas Day 1558, she ordered the officiating bishop to not elevate the Host, as this implied worship of the wafer and when he disobeyed her, she walked out of the church
• She scorned monks for carrying candles when they met her at Westminster Abbey
• However, she wanted to retain some Catholic practices due to a like for elaborate church music, silver crosses and a dislike for married clergy or long sermons given by radical protestants
• She also saw the advantage of keeping some Catholic practices to prevent a Catholic invasion

Question 14

Since when had all religious changes been passed in parliament and what did this mean for Elizabeth?

Answer 14

Since 1529

She would have to do the same

Question 15

What did Elizabeth’s spokesperson say was Elizabeth’s aim?

Answer 15

‘uniting of the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion’

Question 16

What happened to Elizabeth’s first religious proposal?

Answer 16

The majority of the House of Commons was willing to support but a considerable Roman Catholic representation in the House of Lords opposed her. All 17 bishops opposed the idea of Royal Supremacy and eighteen lay peers did not want changes in doctrine.

Question 17

What was Elizabeth and Cecil’s response to the rejection of their first religious proposals?

Answer 17

They were shocked but decided to hold a second session of parliament, with the Bishops of Lincoln and Winchesrer being sent to the tower for disobedience first. Royal supremacy was introduced with Elizabeth as ‘Supreme Governor’ rather than ‘Supreme Head’ to appease Catholics.

Question 18

When were the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity passed?

What was the vote like in the House of Lords for the Act of Uniformity and how did bishops repond to it passing?

Answer 18

April 1559

There were 21 votes in favour and 18 against (nine lords having joined the bishops). Soon afterwards all the Marian bishops bar one refused to take the Oath of Supremacy and were deprived of their positions.

Question 19

What were the 4 parts to the Act of Supremacy?

Answer 19

1. Elizabeth was made Supreme Governor
2. All clergy and officials had to swear an oath to her
3. The heresy laws were repealsed
4. Communion in both kinds were authorised

Question 20

What were the 5 parts to the Act of Uniformity?

Answer 20

1. The 1552 Book of Common Prayer was to be used in all churches
2. All must attend church on Sundays or pay a fine of one shilling
3. The ornaments of the church and dress of the clargy were to be those current in 1548 and the queen could alter these regulations later if she wished
4. When communion was received, the words said included the forms in the 1549 and 1552 Prayer Books
5. The ‘Black Rubric’ from the 1552 Prayer Book which denied the bodily presence of Christ at communion was omitted

Question 21

What policies were implemented for taxes paid by the Church and the monasteries?

Answer 21

• Taxes paid by the church (First Fruits and Tenths), which Henry VIII had appropriated and Mary had surrendered, were now to be paid to Elizabeth.
• The few monasteries that Mary had restored were dissolved again and all lands were confirmed as the legal possessions of those who had acquired them.

Question 22

What did the Royal Injunctions of June 1559 consist of?

Answer 22

These were very much the work of the queen:

• the clergy were to wear distinctive dress
• music was encouraged at Sunday services
• congregations were to bow at the name of Jesus
• unleavened bread could be used for communion
• images were not considered idolatrous
• the clergy could marry but their prospective wives had to be approved by a bishop

Question 23

How have historians described Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

Answer 23

As Via Media - meaning halfway between Catholicism and Protestantism. It was undoubtedly a Protestant settlement but not an extreme one and the ‘wolved coming out of Geneva’, against whom one of the Catholic bishops had warned Elizabeth, were dissatisfied.

Question 24

Why did some Protestants disagree with Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

Answer 24

• Many Protestants wanted a settlement that went further towards Calvinism, they wanted anything slightly Catholic to be eradicated
• Some argued that everything in the church should be based on Holy Scripture and consequentely they were against bowing at the name of Jesus, kneeling to receive communion, the use of a ring in marriage, the sign of a cross in baptism and wearing vestments

Question 25

Why was the Greek term ‘adiaphora’ used in relation to Elizabeth’s religious settlement?

Answer 25

It was used by the defenders of the Settlement who argued that the matters raised by displeased puritans were trivial, or adiaphora.

Question 26

How did some Protestants express their faith outside of Elizabeth’s religious settlement (5)?

Answer 26

• They often had private meetings in the afternoon on a Sunday, studying scripture
• Their children learned Calvinist catechism
• They opposed games and entertainments on a Sunday
• They went to weekday lectres on the Bible
• They avoided theatres, alehouses and dancing as these were deemed works of the devil.

Question 27

What were some more radical Protestants hostile to within the organisation of Elizabeth’s church?

Answer 27

The presence of bishops because their role was not biblical and they were appointed by the queen.

Bishops were used to help maintain order and enforce regulations, attacks on the bishops were deemed to be attempts to undermine Elizabeth’s divinely given authority.

Question 28

Who were the Puritans?

Answer 28

They were Protestants, from various groups, who were unhappy with the religious settlement and first described as ‘puritans’ during disputes about vestments in the 1560s.

Question 29

Who were the Presbyterians?

Answer 29

Presbyterians wanted to replace the system of government in the English Church which focused on bishops, although they were not altogether decided on what they should replace them with. Presbyterians were a vocal minority of puritans who developed the classis movement.

Question 30

Who was Matthew Parker and when were his ‘Advertisements’ published?

Answer 30

Parker was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in June 1559 and his Advertisements were published in March 1566.

Question 31

What was the Vestiarian Controversy?

Answer 31

In May 1565, Thomas Sampson, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, was deprived of his position because he would not wear the surplice. He argued that he did not want to be distinguished by dress from the laity. This led to the term ‘puritan’ being used for the first time and the puritan aim was to end the order that vestments should be worn.

Question 32

What was the outcome of the Vestiarian Controversy?

Answer 32

Matthew Parker agreed in his Advertisements that a ‘comely surplice with long sleeves’ was the only essential vestment to be worn at communion. Some clergy still refused to conform and in 1566, 37 London preachers lost their jobs. When the Puritans appealed to Henry Bullinger, he adviced them that it was better to give in over indifferent matters and remain in post in church. The Puritans were largely defeated but those that were dismissed often set up underground churches and opposition to vestments continued.

Question 33

On what 3 occasions were Puritan changes proposed in Parliament?

Answer 33

• Thirty Nine Articles (in 1571)
• Strickland’s bill (in April 1571)
• Anthony Cope’s proposals (parliament of 1586)

Question 34

What happened to the Thirty Nine articles in 1571?

Answer 34

Although originally accepted by the Convocation in 1563, in 1571 it was agreed that clergy with reservations needed to only acknowledge the Articles concerned with doctrine. This was a concession to the Puritans, although the authorities did not always recognise its existence.

Question 35

What did Walter Strickland MP propose in April 1571?

What response did he get?

Answer 35

He set out a bill to reform the Book of Common Prayer by abolishing the use of surplices, the ring in marriage and kneeling at communion, along with other practices which he deemed superstitious.

There was some support in the Commons but not from higher authority and he was summoned to answer accusations that he had infinged on the queen’s royal prerogative. He was barred from the house but returned after outcry from MPs and his bill was never heard of again.

Question 36

What did Anthony Cope propose in his ‘bill and book’?

What was the response?

Answer 36

As an MP who was sympathetic to Presbyterianism, Cope proposed the overturning of the government and practice of the Church. The Genevan Prayer Book would replace the Book of Common Prayer and the authority of the bishops would end.

The bill did win some support and was defended by Job Throckmorton MP. After reading it, Elizabeth sent Cope and four others to the tower and in the House of Commons an offensive was mounted, with MPs like Sir Christopher Hatton attacking the bill. He argued that the bill and book would force former monastic land to be returned to finance a new church, meaning it lost support and disappeared.

Question 37

True or false: Puritan attempts to change the religious settlement in parliament got the movement recognised and were successful.

Answer 37

False. Although some support was gained in parliament, Elizabeth dealt with threats quickly through authoritatian methods (largely imprisoning those who displeased her).

Question 38

What did leading academic critic, Thomas Cartwright, a professor at Cambridge, say about the Elizabethan church?

How was he treated?

Answer 38

He contrasted it unfavourably to the early Church as depicted in the New Testament. He concluded that the role of bishops and other church officials in Elizabeth’s church did not reflect biblical practice.

Catwright’s academic freedom of speech and professorship was rapidly removed. John Whitgift (vice-chancellor) was determined that Cambridge should be a model of orthodoxy.

Question 39

What was the The Admonition to the Parliament (June 1572)?

What response did it get and what did it achieve?

Answer 39

It was a document written by two ministers, John Field and Thomas Wilcox. Though it was addressed to two MPs, it wa a general appeal to the public arguing for the usual Puritan demands.

The proposal horrifies all believers in authority, even some Puritans and the queen had Field and Wilcox arrested. But the Admonition had a wide readership and initiated a pamphlet war between its supporters and detractors, bringing Puritan ideas to the forefront of debate.

Question 40

Who were separatists?

Answer 40

Separatists were Puritans who were not prepared to compromise. They could not accape the services offered in the English Church as reflecting the true Church so they set up their own.

Question 41

Give examples of separatist movements (and how they ended) - 3 in total

Answer 41

• The Plumbers Hall congregation (discovered by and rooted out by Edmund Grindal in 1567)
• In the 1580s, two Cambridge graduates, Robert Browne and Robert Harrison formed their own church in Norwich (after trouble and time in prison for Browne, they emigrated to Holland. When Browne returned to England he conformed.)
• In the 1590s the suppression of the classis movement encouraged a separatist church led by Henry Barrow and John Greenwood in London (as a result of legislation against sectaries, they were both arrested and executed)

Question 42

What evidence is there that Puritanism survived (6) ?

Answer 42

• Some of its leaders (eg. Cartwright) survived and went to live elsewwhere (Geneva)
• Some of the dismissed clergy found refuge in the houses of sympathisers and others were protected by the law from friends at court (Cecil and Dudley spoke up for ministers being threatened)
• John Field gained a preaching license with help from Dudley and Sir Francis Knollys MP
• The classis movement was reasonably successful with gentry sponsorship
• In 1574, Walter Travers (an ally of Cartwright) publishing a book of ‘disciplines’
• The rise of ‘experimental predestinarianism’ in the 1590s and an underground Puritan movement that survived to be active in the reign of James I

Question 43

What evidence is there that the survival of Puritanism was limited (6) ?

Answer 43

• John Field attempted to use the classis movement to build up an alternative church but there were not enough classes
• There was dispute over content of Travers’ Book of Discipline
• General lack of consensus/agreed Puritan doctrine
• Due to it being bible based, a reasonable amount of literacy was required to understand it. ‘Predestination’ was also inaccessible for the lesser educated sections of society.
• Rigorous moral standards and two sermons on a sunday was unappealing
• Archbishop John Whitgift was determined to reduce Puritanism

Question 44

What evidence is there that Puritanism was nearly eradicated?

Answer 44

• By the 1590s it had suffered from the deaths of many friends at court, including Leicester, Sir Walter Mildmay (founded a Cambridge college to train puritan minded clergy) and Walshingham.
• Many Puritans themselves left the country or died (John Field in 1588 - no one else had his organisational skills)
• The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was viewed as a triumph for the English church, who were viewed to be favoured by God
• Wilder wings of Puritanism used obscene language (eg. in the Martin Marprelate Tracts), which discredited the movement
• Lay supporters agreeded that attacks on bishops could soon turn into attacks on the state (inc landowners and JPs) - this enabled Richard Bancrof to clamp down on printing presses
• Those that were arrested (eg. Cartwright) lost the will to resist

Question 45

How did Matthew Parker (Archbishop of Canterbury 1559 - 75) help Elizabeth in enforcing her settlement? (2)

Answer 45

• Oversaw the passage of the 39 Articles through Convocation in 1563, refusing to give in to those who wanted to remove holy days and using the sign of a cross in baptism
• Faced the issue of vestments in the 1560s, he published his ‘Advertisements’ and took responsibility for implementing (didn’t dent Elzabeth’s popularity so much).

Question 46

Why was Edward Grindal (Archbishop between 1575 and 1583) largely unsuccessful in helping Elizabeth cement her religious settlement?

Answer 46

Early on in post the issue of prophesying was raised and Grindal felt that, with safeguards, these meetings could improve educational standards and lead to better preaching, whereas Elizabeth felt they could provide a setting for treason plotting. In 1576 he sent a long letter justifying his position and claiming to have the support of the bishops. Elizabeth sent out her own orders to the bishops and Grindal was confined to his house and suspended from duties for 6 months. After, he refused to recant and his suspension continued. He resigned in 1583 but died before the process was complete.

Question 47

How did John Whitgift (Archbishop of Canterbury 1583 - 1604) help Elizabeth enforce her religious settlement (7)?

Answer 47

• Prior to being Archbishop he had punished Thomas Cartwright
• In 1572 he was charged with writing the response to the Admonition to the Parliament - making clear his disdain for Puritans
• Once Archbishop he was helped by the Court of High Commission to ensure uniformity
• He introduced his Three Articles, suspending those who did not follow them (came to a compromise after outcry)
• He made use of the ex officio oath to interrogate (rousing susupicion amongst lawyers)
• He was not afraid to question ministers and annoy the gentry class
• Took a two pronged approach as he tried to remedy some complaints that the Puritans had eg. low standards of clegy. Whitgift ensured all were trained and no clergy could have two parishes more than 30 miles apart.

Question 48

True or false: Elizabeth died holding John Whitgift’s hand

Answer 48

True

Question 49

True or false: There was widespread Roman Catholic opposition to Elizabeth’s religious settlement

Answer 49

False. Opposition was muted as there was little external support from Philip II or Rome. In many areas, Catholic practices continued. Church papists conformed outwardly by attending church but not taking part in worship. Small numbers of recusants didn’t attend church. Some went to Europe and conducted a propaganda war agasint Protestantism.

Question 50

Why did Mary Stuart (Elizabeth’s cousin) pose an issue to Elizabeth?

Answer 50

1. She was a devout roman Catholic and a powerful woman: both queen of France and queen of Scotland in 1559
2. She had a claim to the throne

Question 51

Why was Philip II not so quick to condemn the English church and why did the pope not excommunicate Elizabeth immediately?

Answer 51

He didn’t want France to invade England and face the prospect or a large block of French controlled territory.

Elizabeth was not excommunicated immediately because she convinced the Spanish ambassador that there was a chance she would restore Catholicism.

Question 52

What changed in 1560 in terms of Mary Queen of Scots posing a threat?

Answer 52

Francis II, her French husband, had died and so had her regent mother. The Protestant Lords of the Congregation had taken control of the government with Elizabeth’s help. The outcome was the Treaty of Edinburgh, which Mary refused to ratify because it meant having to give up her claim to the throne. In August 1961 she returned to Scotland, agreeing to recognise the Protestant Church so long as she could hear mass privately.

Question 53

Why, in May 1568, did Mary Queen of Scots arrive at Workington on the Cumbrian coast and send Elizabeth a desperate letter?

Answer 53

In 1565 she had married Henry Stuart, strengthening her claim to the English throne but he had turned out to be a drunk and murdered her Italian secretary right in front of her. Mary gave birth in 1566 and the next year Stuart was found strangled. The Earl of Bothwell was rumoured to have been responsible and when Mary married him the following year, that implicated her. The Scots rose up against Mary and she was defeated by an army of nobles, who forced her to abdicate in favour of her infant son, James.

Question 54

What did parliament urge Elizabeth to do with Mary?

Answer 54

‘cut off her head and make no more ado about it’

Question 55

What did Elizabeth decide was to be done with Mary?

Answer 55

She put her on trial, where no conclusions were made about her involvement in her second husband’s death. She was essentially put on house arrest, spending the majority of her time in the household of the Earl of Shrewsbury.

Question 56

What Roman Catholic threat to Elizabeth occurred in 1569?

What was the government response?

Answer 56

The Catholic Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland led the Rising in the North, which involved the brief restoration of mass in Durham Cathedral and proposing Mary Stuart as being the rightful Queen.

Mary was instantly moved further south so the rebels couldn’t resue her and they were defeated by a royal army. Much of government felt that Mary should be executed as her presence had proven to be a threat.

Question 57

What 4 events in the 1570s led up to Mary’s execution?

Answer 57

1. In 1570, Pope Pius V issued the bull Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating and deposing Elizabeth. This meant that Roman Catholics were absolved of any religious duty to recognise her as queen.
2. In 1571, the Florentine banker Roberto Ridolfi plotted with Don Guerau de Spas, the Spanish ambassador, to put Mary on the throne.
3. In 1572, parliament urged Elizabeth to execute Mary and Norfolk.
4. In 1572, the Massacre of St Bartholomew in Frence convinced many English Protestants that there was a European-wide Catholic conspiracy to exterminate Protestantism. Mary’s French relations, the Guise family, were heavily implicated in the Massacre.

Question 58

Who said that anyone assassinating Elizabeth ‘with the pious intention of doing God service, not only does not sin, but gains merit.’? And when?

Answer 58

The pope in 1580

Question 59

Which 2 plots against Elizabeth were uncovered in the 1580s? How did the government attempt to combat plots against her in 1584?

Answer 59

1. In 1583, Francis Throckmorton plotted with Don Bernardino de Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador, to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary.
2. In 1586, Anthony Babington and some friends plotted to kill Elizabeth and make England Catholic with the help of Spanish troops from the Netherlands.

In 1584, parliament set up the Bond of Association, under which anyone linked to plots against Elizabeth could be executed.

Question 60

Which 3 foreign factors contributed to parliament and the Privy Council pushing for Mary to be executed harder than ever in 1586?

Answer 60

1. In 1584, William of Orange, the Protestant leader of Dutch rebels was killed by a Catholic fanatic
2. In 1585, Philip II settled his differences with the French Catholics and agreed to ally with them against Protestants in Europe, subsequently giving Mary his support.
3. In July 1586, the Treaty of Berwick established good relations between Elizabeth and James VI, meaning he would not cause undue difficulty in the event of Mary’s execution

Question 61

When was Mary executed?

Answer 61

8th February 1587

Question 62

List evidence that implies Mary was a major threat (9)

Answer 62

• Mary had a claim to the throne
• She was the natural leader of the English Catholics
• Her presence in Northern England was a catalyst for the Northern Rebellion
• She had the backing of the Guise family (France) and Philip (Spain) from 1585
• She was stubborn (refused to ratify the Treaty of Edinburgh)
• She was noted for personal charm and having already given birth, she was the ideal Tudor woman (and would have a clear successor, unlike Elizabeth)
• In 1570, Elizabeth sent forces to Scotland to subdue Mary’s supporters
• The various plots against Elizabeth’s life: Ridolfi, Babington, Throckmorton
• If Elizabeth had let Mary leave England, she could have raised forces and posed an even greater threat - Catholicism dominated Europe

Question 63

List evidence that implies Mary did not pose a major threat (7)

Answer 63

• She was captive first in England and then Scotland, unable to act independently against Elizabeth - she was merely a figurehead for plots
• The English saw Mary as too foreign to be their queen and Henry had previously excluded Stuarts from the succession
• Catholics disapproved of Mary’s scandalous behaviour and were unwilling to support her
• The Northern Rebellion gained only limited support
• Rivalry between France and Spain meant they were too preoccupied to help Mary
• Mary was vulnerable and had only come to England for safe haven
• Elizabeth delayed Mary’s death, implying she did not feel threatened

Question 64

In what form did Elizabeth have a secret service?

Answer 64

Leading advisors to the queen, Lord Burghley, Leicester and Walsingham all had networks of secretaries and informants. Due to a lack of foreign ambassadors, when special embassies went abroad, they often included spies and Merchants were also utilised.

Question 65

Who was William Allen?

Answer 65

A Lancashire Catholic who believed that Catholics should not compromise with Elizabeth’s church and subsequentely set up a seminary in Douai (France) to train Catholic priests to work in England.

Question 66

True or false: The seminary priests training was brief

Answer 66

False. It was long and strict to ensure they were the best examples of Catholic priests and that all Catholic customs would be kept alive. They were well trained to argue with Protestants.

Question 67

Who, encouraged by William Allen’s initiative, set up an English College to train priests to work in England?

Answer 67

The Pope established one in Rome

Question 68

Were the seminary priests successful?

What was the government response?

Answer 68

Relatively, yes. Although small in number they were able to practice.

The first seminary priest was executed for treason in 1577, condemned under the Act passed in 1571 making the possession of a papal bull treasonable. This shows that the government recognised the strength of the potential threat.

Question 69

Who were the Jesuits? How did the government deal with them?

Answer 69

They were a male congregation of the Catholic Church that emerged in the 1580s and appeared to be the body most likely to restore Catholicism.

The government passed an act in 1581, under which recusancy fined increased to £20 a month and it was treason to recognise the authority of Rome or to convert others. Accused priests were asked the ‘Bloody Questions’.

Question 70

What important act did parliament pass in 1585?

Answer 70

An act against ‘Jesuits, seminary priests and all such like disobedient persons’, whcih made it treasonable to be an ordained Catholic priest in England after the expiry of a 40 day grace period.

Question 71

How many seminary priests and jesuits came to England and how many were executed?

Why was Elizabeth’s response lenient?

Answer 71

650 came to England, 133 were executed

(63 members of the laity are recognised as Catholic martyrs and at least 377 of those who came to England were put in prison, with around 100 dying there)

This is a comparably small number and Elizabeth’s response was far more lenient than her sister’s because she didn’t want to create martyrs

Question 72

Why was Catholicism in England weaker in 1589 (9)?

Answer 72

• Elizabeth’s longevity
• Government legislation
• Lack of effective support from European Catholics
• High fines
• Shortage of priests
• Keenest Catholics travelled abroad
• The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
• Defeat of Spanish Armada
• Social pressure to conform

Question 73

Why was the Church of England more stable by 1589 (6)?

Answer 73

• Catholic rebels had mostly dies
• Artefacts needed for Catholic worship had been sold off
• More clergy had degrees and standards of preaching were higher
• Attendance at Church improve
• Catholic festivals had disappeared
• Elizabeth had been reasonable (eg. refused a bill that would force all to take communion as she believed this would turn people into recusants)

Question 74

What problems remained in the Church of England (3)?

Answer 74

• Pluralism had not been totally eradicated
• The income in many parishes was insufficient to maintain a priest
• Elizabeth hadn’t restored some bishops until after she had profited from church land

Question 75

Had Queen Elizabeth achieved her religious aims?

Answer 75

Largely, yes. She had stated that she did not wish to make windows into men’s souls and so outward conformity was all she required. This largely happened and the majority of the population attended church every week happily.