Elizabeth - 2021 Flashcards
Give four examples of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen of England.
- Legitimacy - parents’ marriage declared illegal so many Catholics believed she had no claim to the throne.
- No husband - concerns over a female ruling alone - made England vunerable to attack. no heir.
- Religion - the country was split between Protestants and Catholics. Elizabeth was Protestant.
- Invasion - France was a catholic country and many there believed Mary Queen of Scots, who was married to the son of the French king should be the ruler of England.
Which body had to be consulted if Tudor monarchs wanted more money?
Parliament. They were only in session 9 times btween 1558 and 1588. In each session taxes were granted.
What was the name of the body of Elizabeth’s advisors?
The Privy Council - William Cecil was in charge of this (secretary of state). 19 people sat on this council.
What was the name given to the growing middle class?
The gentry. Cecil was a member.
How much debt did Elizabeth inherit from the war in France?
£300,000.
What were 2 of Elizabeth’s aims regarding religion?
- To heal the divisions between Protestants and Catholics to avoid civil war.
- To maximise her personal power by taking as much control over the church as possible.
Who was Francis Walsingham?
He was a close advisor of Elizabeth and her spymaster.
Who was Robert Dudley the Earl of Leicester?
Leading Nobleman, advisor and favourite of Elizabeth.
What did Elizabeth create in 1559 to solve the issue of religious division?
The religious settlement. Also known as the Middle Way.
What was the Act of Supremacy, 1559?
It re-established the break from Rome and an independent Church of England and all members of the clergy had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth.
Elizabeth became the Supreme Govenor of the Church of England. This meant Catholics could still recognisethe Pope as the head of the Church.
However, as a comprimise, Archbishops and Bishops were kept which was hoped to please Catholics.
What was the Act of Uniformity, 1559?
Catholic mass was abandoned and kthe Bible was written in English (pleasing Protestants).
Ornaments such as crosses and candles could be placed on the communion table and Priests had to wear vestments (to please Catholics).
Clergy were allowed to marry.
Faliure to attend Church meant you could be fined.
How were the Act of Supremacy and Uniformity viewed at the time?
Majority were happy but Puritains and extreme Catholics thought it gave too much away to the ‘other side’.
Geographically, where was Catholism strongest in England?
North East and North West.
What was a Puritain?
An English Protestant who wanted to futher simplify the church of England and remove anything related to Catholism.
What was the impact of the religious settlement on the Clergy?
8000 priests took the oath of supremacy showing their support for the Acts introduced.
However only 1 bishop took the oath, so 27 new bishops were appointed.
What was the role of the Church of England?
Church courts - these delt with issues such as marriage and death - wills and inheritance. Enforcing the Religious Settlement.
Inspectors would visit a church to ensure the priest was following the terms of the settlements.
Give two examples of when Puritains challenged Elizabeth and how Elizabeth dealt with them.
The Crucifix Controversy- Elizabeth liked cricifixes, Puritains did not. This was a problem as several bishops threatened to resign and as a result the Queen backed down and removed cricifixes from the churches.
The vestement controversy- Elizabeth wanted priests to wear special vestements but some refused. A special exhibition was held in London to show what vestements they should wear. Of the 110 invited, 37 did not come and they lost their post.
How did the Pope challenge Elizabeth, and what was the impact of this?
He issued a statement in 1566 that Catholics should not attend church services, which had virtually no impact.
What was the impact of the Religious settlement on the catholic nobility?
Many catholic nobles could practise their religion in peace but the Earls of Northumberland, Westmoreland found themselves out of favour becuase of their catholicism, and as a result, their political influence decreased.
What is a heretic?
People who didn’t believe the teachings of the catholic church.
What wa recusancy?
Refusal to attend church of England sevices.
Describe the Catholic threat from abroad.
- There was a small risk that the french might try to revese the religious settlement so Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Troyes confirming that Calais belonged to France in 1564.
- Philip of Spain disliked Elizabeth’s support for French Protestants and the fact she refused to marry him. However he avoided challenging her religious settlement in 1560s as he wanted to keep the peace.
Neither france nor spain had the military resources to invade England in the 1560s.
Why was Mary Queen of Scots a threat to Elizabeth in 1568?
- She was Elizabeth’s cousin and heir although Elizabeth had not namer her as successor. Her grandmother was Margaret Tudor and her great grandfather was Henry VII. She also had a son, James.
- She had close links with France as her mother was Mary of Guise and she has spent time in France as a child. This could mean a plot involving France to put her on the English throne.
- She was catholic and could gain the support of many catholic nobles in England who did not believe that Elizabeth was a legitimate Queen.
- She had arrived in England in 1568 after havinbg to abdicate the Scottish throne as she was implicated in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. This could mean she might become a focal point for Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth and put a caltholic on the throne.
How did Elizabeth deal with Mary in 1568?
Mary was kept under house arrest.
In what year did the Pope introduce a Bull excommunicating Elizabeth? Why was this significant?
- English Catholics did not have to be loyal to Elizabeth.
When was the treason act?
1571.
