Elizabeth

Question 1

What was elizabethan society like?
(population, life expectancy, wealth, power and religion)

Answer 1

population ; 90% lived in countryside and were poor, 3 million people
average life expectancy; 35
wealth; based on land ownership and money
power; strict social hierarchy with limited social mobility
religion; everyone was christian, the church played a key role in everyday life

Question 2

social hierarchy in countryside

Answer 2

Nobility
Gentry
Yeomen
Tenant Farmers
Laboring poor
Vagrants/Vagabonds

Question 3

Social Hierachy in towns

Answer 3

Merchants
Professionals
Business Owners
Skilled craftsmen
Unskilled workers
Unemployed/vagabonds

Question 4

what was nobility?

Answer 4

those with royal blood and held important roles such as lords and dukes.

Question 5

What were Gentry?

Answer 5

Key landowners who owned small estates around the country

Question 6

What were yeoman farmers

Answer 6

owned much smaller areas of land rented out to others to farm

Question 7

What were tenant farmers

Answer 7

Renter smaller areas of land from yeoman and gentry to farm

Question 8

What were the labouring poor?

Answer 8

rented rather than owned land
carried out tough physical work on land for the people they rented it from, produced own food.

Question 9

What’s a vagabond/vagrant?

Answer 9

people often out in f work
homeless and had to beg or steal to survive
moved around to find work

Question 10

What were merchants?

Answer 10

very wealthy traders in goods from abroad.

Question 11

what were professionals?

Answer 11

men who had access to education e.g doctors

Question 12

what were skilled workers?

Answer 12

highly skilled craftsmen such as tailors, blacksmiths

Question 13

what were craftsmen

Answer 13

skilled employees in above crafts (tailors, blacsmiths, carpenters)

Question 14

what were unskilled workers?

Answer 14

people with no skills but worked in towns.

Question 15

Features of elizabethan gov.
What were they?
(5 parts)

Answer 15

court- noble men, close friends and advisors to elizabeth.

privy council - 19 members who met three times a week. Advised elizabeth.

parliament - made up of house or commons and house of lords (noblemen and bishops) parliament could vote on new laws, agree to go war, agree new taxes and they could approve extraordinary taxes which were additional taxes.

Justices of peace- noblemen who kept law and order in local areas and heard court cases.

Lord lieutenant - noblemen who governed english countries and could raise local armies.

Question 16

What were all the challenges to Elizabeth in 1588?
(10 things)

Answer 16

Legitimacy - didn’t believe she had a legitimate right to be queen

Marriage - wasn’t married, pressured by privy council who believe england would lack stability. she was worried marriage would lessen her authority

Personality - confident, educated, charistmatic. she had poor decision making and often hesitate with her decisions, frustrated advisors.

Children - didn’t have a legitimate heir, making england vulnerable for attack.

Mary I - half sister, executed 300 protestant, lost a war against france and got england in debt, people were worried elizabeth would cause similar problems

Economy - 30000 in debt, raising taxes would make her unpopular, england peers 100000 to foreign lenders

Parliament - could only use her royal proclamation to make decisions, she needed parliaments loyalty

Inexperience - was only 21 and lacked experience, needed strong support from william cecil

Religion - she was a protestant, the pope influenced catholics - country was split

Gender - woman not seen as strong enough to lead army or make tough decisions.

Question 17

Threats to elizabeth from abroad in 1588

Answer 17

Threats from France

Threats from Scotland

Threats from Rome

Threats from Spain.

Main summaries;
elizabeth was outnumbered by catholic countries who disapproved of her protestantism, catholic countries supported Mary Q of S to english throne l, england was already in debt and wars would be expensive:

Question 18

What was the importance of religious divisions in england in 1558

Answer 18

Religion influenced every aspect of lives - moral behavior and understanding.

Going to church every week went without question.

Went on pilgrimages and confessed sins.

People were expected to follow faith of monarch, not doing this would result in harsh punishment

Question 19

What was elizabeth’s believe with the religious divide of 1558?

Answer 19

wanted to be fair to catholics.

Wanted to compromise between two faiths.

Had no interest in seeking revenge and persecuting catholics.

Question 20

Differences between catholics and protestants

Answer 20

catholics had;
pope
clergy needed to show power
could pay to forgive sins
in mass, bread and wine and were blood and body of christ.
7 sacraments
priests can’t marry
saints can cause miracles
church services in latin
churches highly decorated to show power
majority support in north.

OPPOSITE FOR PROTESTANTS.

Question 21

Elizabeth religious settlement 1559
What were all the 3 parts?

Answer 21

Act of supremacy
Act of uniformity
Royal injunctions

Question 22

What was act of supremacy?
(religious settlement 1559)

Answer 22

elizabeth because supreme leader of church.

Question 23

what was act of uniformity?
(religious settlement 1559)

Answer 23

set out rules for how a church should look and what church services should be like.

Question 24

what was the royal injunctions
(religious settlement 1559)

Answer 24

set of written instructions issued to clergy reminding them of new rules.

Question 25

Impact of religious settlement 1559

Answer 25

puritans believed it was still too catholic (smashed glass windows and destroyed church statues) Most catholic bishops opposed it. Some catholic nobles refused to attend church 80% of churchy accepted new settlement most ordinary people accepted it.

Question 26

How did churches enforce religious settlement?

Answer 26

punishment a license visitations the professions had to have licences.

Question 27

Countries that were angry about elizabeth’s religious settlement

Answer 27

France Scotland Spain Rome (counter reformation by pope)

Question 28

Why was mary queen of scot’s a threat to elizabeth (6 points)

Answer 28

Legitimate claim No heir Return to scotland - she married lord darnley and produced a heir which made it so she could raise an army to invade She had catholic support - from pope, catholic nobles in england, france and spain She was rutheless - reportedly killed Darnley in 1568 Links to france - could gain support and make a claim for english throne Elizabeth refused to name her as heir Elizabeth couldn’t win - didn’t want to seem weak

Question 29

How did elizabeth deal with mary queen of scots? (4 points)

Answer 29

1. Elizabeth sent money and troops to help scottish protestants fight against any catholics who would help. 2. In 1560, she forced mary to sign treaty of edinburgh for mary to give up her claim for throne. 3. in 1568, elizabeth placed mary under house arrest in england and always guarded. 4. Didn’t yet execute her as it would anger catholics further.

Question 30

what order was the plots against elizabeth?

Answer 30

ridolfi (1571) throckmorton (1583) babington (1586)

Question 31

Ridolfi plot (1571) plan effect why it failed impact

Answer 31

Ridolfi was a spy for the pope. Planned to murder elizabeth, trigger spanish invasion and put mary in power. Travelled to spanish netherlands to discuss plot with phillip IU duke of Norfolk would marry mary and lead rebellion Failed; William cecil discovered plot and could prove norfolk was guilty of treason. Impact Norfolk was execute Mary was kept imprisoned Tougher anti catholic laws Proved spain was a threat

Question 32

Throckmorton plot (1583) plan and events why it failed impact

Answer 32

Duke of guise to come to england, overthrow elizabeth and free mary and place her on english throne. Approved by pope and phillip II Throckmorton promised to pass secret letters between mary and plotters. Failed Walsingham discovered the plot, spies found letters at Throckmortons house Impact Throckmorton was tortured and executed for treason Proved france was a threat More anti catholic laws Mary catholics fled 11k catholics imprisoned

Question 33

Babington plot (1586) Plan Events Why it failed Impact

Answer 33

Murder elizabeth, duke of guise to invade with 60k men and put mary on throne. Pope and philip II approved of plan. Babington wrote secret letters to mary to inform her of plot. failed Walsingham found letters hidden in wine barrels. Impact Babington and plotters were executed, 31 Priests were exegrured mary was executed in 1587.

Question 34

Reasons for mary’s execution in 1587

Answer 34

Family Plots Deterrent Catholic figurehead Parliament acted quickly No alternative Mary had an heir Pressure The law - she was commiting treason Imprisonment

Question 35

Spain had control over netherlands in 1580’s. What treaty did Spanish and French sign in 1584? What treaty did elizabeth sign in 1585?

Answer 35

Treaty of joinville which made them allies. Elizabeth signed treaty of nonsuch in 1585 as an alliance with protestants in Netherlands. She would help them fight the spanish with 7400 troops.

Question 36

The reasons for the Spanish Armada and Invasion plans of 1588 (5 key points)

Answer 36

Religion - Philip wanted england to be a catholic country again. He had support of pope, supported plots to overthrow her, and she had been helping protestants in netherlands. Politics- treaty of joinville meant he could use french port for more supplies, he was angered by elizabeth signing treaty of nonsuch, he was keen to expand his empire, saw elizabeth as a weak leader. Economic- english stole spanish gold, affecting their economy. Tactical - also controlled portugal which gave phillip more access to coastline? duke of parma successfully controlled netherlands. Revenge - Drakes attack in america’s left without useful resources and gold and silver, and his attack on cadiz was humiliation for Cadiz and disrupted preparations for invasion:

Question 37

What was the plan for the Spanish armada invasion?

Answer 37

Philip ordered 130 ships. 30000 men to invade with 2431 guns. Commanded by duke of medina sidonia March on London to remove Elizabeth 118 catholic priests on board to help counter reforms england. 27k troops on land at kent. Meet up with duke of parma from netherlands sail up english channel and resuplly in calais

Question 38

What were the key events of the spanish armada? 4 events

Answer 38

29th july / fire beacons alerted commanders to armada off coast of cornwall 31st july / battle of plymouth - two large spanish ships captured 3rd august / battle of isle of wight - spanish ships outgunned by english and forced up english channel 8th august / battle of grave lines - english fire ships caused spanish to panic in poor weather. failed to meet up with duke of parma.

Question 39

What were the 8 reasons the spanish armada failed?

Answer 39

Ship design - slower to turn and manouvere, older canons were slow to reload. English cannons shot 6x faster and further, and had new and faster galleons. Decision Making - Phillip II - ignored advice from naval commanders, dictated tactics from spain. Elizabeth I- trusted her naval commanders to lead attack. Spanish planning - food was stored in poor wooden barrels and rotted, due to drakes raid on cadiz in previous year. Spanish couldn’t meet with duke of parma to resupply, been at sea for 10 weeks before reaching england, priests on board had little experience fighting. Communication - Spain - no communication between duke of medina sidonia and duke of parma so armada couldn’t resupply in netherlands, had to rely on small shipments of supplies which took over a week. England - fire beacons were lit when armada was spotted which quickly informed drake and elizabeth of their arrival. Tactics - England had fire ships, kept their distance so spanish couldn’t board, at gravelines spanish were forced to cut anchors and blown off course by wind. The weather - spanish wasn’t used to coping with unseasonal stormy weather. Weapons - Spanish brought poor quality and too few canon balls. Leadership at sea - duke of medina sidonia reluctant to take command, little naval experience and was sea sick, and had little knowledge of english waters and coastline. England - francis drake and hawkins were experienced.

Question 41

Englands 5 consequences for beating spanish armada:

Answer 41

English navy - showed strength and skills of navy , merchants more confidence to explore and trade around world. Influenced dutch protestants to keep fighting Anglo dutch alliance strengthened, england no longer isolated against catholic nations. Protestant faith strengthened- god supported them as they were victorious Elizabeth used this as a propaganda victory.

Question 42

Spanish concequences of the failed spanish armada

Answer 42

Many spanish ships shipwrecked and thousands of sailors killed. Spanish finances - was expensive and a huge cost - economy going down. Spanish morale goes down, more other countries willing to challenge spanish power Fight continued, and philip continued to challenge england during elizabeth’s reign.

Question 43

Why did poverty increase in elizabethan england)

Answer 43

population growth sheep farming inflation of food prices enclosed land - people were evicted poor harvests higher rents closure of monasteries poor trade with spain.

Question 44

Elizabeth’s policies to poor

Answer 44

Poor rate - poor given money or items they could use Charity / church and rich donated money to help, christian duty to help. Stature of artificers 1563: punish anyone who refused to pay for tax for poor relief. Poor relief act 1576 - justices of peace provided able bodied poor with wool and raw matierials to make items and sell, those who refused to work were sent to a prison called house of correction.s Vagabonfs act 1572- vagrants punished harshly - whipped, imprisoned and hanged. Set up national poor rate for deserving poor.

Question 45

What were idle poor?

Answer 45

Fit for work but lazy. Blamed for crime. Seen as vagabonds, deceived public. Punished harshly.

Question 46

What were deserving poor?

Answer 46

seeking genuine help can’t work included sick, disabled and elderly.