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Elizabeth Flashcards

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1
Q

What 5 problems did Elizabeth face at the start of her reign?

A 
Money
France
Scotland
Mary queen of scots
Spain
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2
Q

Why was money a problem for Elizabeth?

A

Inherited huge amount of debt

Had to work with parliament to work out ways to provide income to defend her throne

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3
Q

Why was france a problem for Elizabeth?

A

Larger, wealthier traditional enemy, ally of Scotland.

Mary Queen of Scots was also half French

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4
Q

Why was Scotland a problem for Elizabeth?

A

Scotland was independent and traditional enemy of England.

Remote and hard to defend border - saw constant fighting and raids. Stationed French troops.

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5
Q

Why was Mary queen of scots a problem for Elizabeth?

A

Mary was a catholic monarch who had a strong claim to the throne (Elizabeth’s second cousin).
Catholics saw Mary as England’s legitimate monarch

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6
Q

Why was Spain a problem for Elizabeth?

A

Spain was the leading catholic power in Europe. They were now no longer at war with France so there was a possibility of these two Catholic powers uniting against potestant England.

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7
Q

What happened in the Revolt of Northern earls 1569-70?

A

The revolt
Mary would marry Duke of Norfolk and depose Elizabeth
Robert Dudley told Elizabeth of the plot, leading to Norfolk’s arrest and imprisonment in the tower.
Northumberland and Westmorland continued. They took Durham cathedral and celebrated Catholic mass there.
Elizabeth moved Mary to coventry, to stop her escaping and joining the rebels
The rebels took Hartlepool (by the sea) and awaited Spanish support, but none came
Other northern landowners didn’t join the revolt, they had gained land from dissolution of monesteries and didn’t want to lose wealth by backing the revolt if it failed.

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8
Q

Who were the Northern earls?

A

Group of Catholic nobles who felt they were losing influence under protestant government (Elizabeth promoted low ranking protestants to high posistions).

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9
Q

What did the Northern earls want?

A

Wanted to restore England to catholic faith

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10
Q

What did the Northern earls do?

A

Staged revolt in hope of placing Mary Queen of Scots on the throne

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11
Q

What was the revolt’s significance?

A

It showed Mary Queen of Scots couldn’t be trusted - and she remained in prison.

The pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called on loyal Catholics to depose her.
Encouraged further plots

The loyalty of English Catholics was doubted, forcing government to take harsh steps against them

English Catholic’s were now in a weaker positions, couldn’t stage another open revolt

Elizabeth’s control over northern England strengthened

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12
Q

Who and what was the Throckmorton plot?

A

Duke of Guise, Mary’s cousin, to invade and overthrow Elizabeth. Francis Throckmorton acted as a go-between him and Mary

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13
Q

What were the events of the Throckmorton plot?

A

Sir Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Papaers found at Throckmorton’s house and he was tortured and executed in Novemeber 1583

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14
Q

What was the significance of the Throckmorton plot?

A

Again reinforced threat from Spain and Mary (and potenially France).
List of Catholic power concerned Elizabeth.
Harsher laws against Catholics

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15
Q

Who and why was a colony set up?

A

In 1584, Walter Raleigh was given a grant to explore and settle lands in North America. He didn’t lead the colonists himself, he investigated, organised, persuaded people to go, appointed the governor of the new colony and the developed a ‘blueprint’ that was to be used for later English colonsations.

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16
Q

Other reasons to set up a colony?

A

Acts as an example for future colonies

England would no longer need to rely Europe for trade

North Americans could choose English traders over Spanish traders

Base for privateering

A base to attack Spainish colonies from

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17
Q

Why did the colony fail?

A

They didn’t co-operate. Many merchents weren’t didn’t want to put in physical labour and the farmers didn’t want to serve the upper class.

Hot climate so food rotted, mosquitoes

only had 107 colonists (half of them were soldiers), rather than the 300 Releigh had hoped for.

They left in April which is too late to arrive and then grow the crops in time for them to be harvested in time for the winter.

A ship (the tiger) became damaged which was holding all the seeds. These seeds now couldn’t be planted so they were reliant on the Natives.

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18
Q

How would they choose the country’s leader in Elizabethan England?

A

Hiereditary kings and queen.

Privy council and coutiers advisor the queen.

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19
Q

Who would make and pass new laws in Elizabethan England?

A

Parliament

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20
Q

Who would defend the country in Elizabethan England?

A

Lords and lieutenants would raise military

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21
Q

How did Walsingham’s spy network work?

A

Spies and informants in every country and important town.

Trained agents throughout Europe.

Agents provocateurs: plot and encourage wrongdoing to discover traitors.

Torture.

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22
Q

Why was Mary queen of scots executed?

A

She was involved in too many plots to believe that she was innocent of any wrong doing.

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23
Q

What act was mary Queen of scots executed under?

A

The act of the preservation of the queen’s safety.

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24
Q

What was the impact of Mary queen of scots execution on Elizabeth?

A

She was very upset by the execution but it shows her new harsh treatment of Catholics. An important threat removed.

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25
Q

What was the impact on English Catholics of Mary Queen of scots execution?

A

Angered by the execution, they have now lost their hope of a Catholic monarch.

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26
Q

What was the impact of Mary queen of scots execution on relationships with Spain?

A

Already bad, made even worse by the execution. Gives Philip II one more reason to remove Elizabeth.

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27
Q

What were Elizabeth’s foreign policies?

A

Avoiding war
Protecting England’s borders
Protecting the British throne
Improving and developing trade to benefit the British economy.

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28
Q

Francis Drake timeline

A

1570-71: He captured many Spanish ships and seized their cargoes during an expedition to the West Indies.

1572: Elizabeth hired him as a privateer. He went to Panama where he captured £40,000.
1573: Drake returned home. Elizabeth didn’t publicly welcome him but in private was very impressed with his work.

November 1577: He set off to the New world and told to bring back gold, silver, spices and any other valubles.

1577-80: He became the first ever Englishman to do this route and came back in 1580 with only one ship left.

1580: When he returned he brought back £400,000 of Spanish treasures. He then got knighted on the deck of the golden hind.

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29
Q

How did Francis Drake affect the relationship with Spain?

A

His actions made it clear that England didn’t accept Spain’s dominance in the new world.

He boosted the crown’s finances significantly.

Elizabeth’s knighting of him sent a clear message to Spain.

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30
Q

Why was Elizabeth reluctant to intervene in the Netherlands?

A

She wanted to stop doing anything that could lead to war with Spain.

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31
Q

Why was Elizabeth pressurised into helping in the Netherlands?

A

Could have been a threat to English protestants which she wanted to prevent.

32
Q

What did Elizabeth want to achieve by offering a marriage alliance and an heir to the French throne?

A

She hoped it would worry Philip into giving the Dutch their independance back.

33
Q

What was the significance of the Spanish fury?

A

It united all 17 Dutch provinces against Spain.

34
Q

Why was the pacification of Ghent significant?

A

It signalled an end to the Spanish troops being in the Netherlands and an end to the Religious prosectution.

35
Q

What was the Spanish Fury?

A

Spanish forces go on a rampage leading to all 17 Dutch provinces uniting against them.

36
Q

What was the pacification of Ghent?

A

A list of demands that were drawn up including the expulsion of all Spanish troops.

37
Q

What did Elizabeth’s decision in 1578 with the Dutch mean?

A

Elizabeth hesitated to help the dutch with caused them to form an alliance with Spain.

38
Q

Why did Spain start to gain the upper hand by 1579?

A

Duke of Parma a much better military leader.

39
Q

What did the Treaty of Nonsuch mean?

A

It effectively meant that England and Spain were at war.

40
Q

Why did Robert Dudley’s work with the rebels government not go successfully.

A

Wash’t given enough money, men or supplies.
Elizabeth wasn’t fully behind the campaign
Elizabeth lacked committment.

41
Q

Why was the Armada defeated?

A

Treaty of nonsuch
Drake’s actions in the new world
Spain acquiring Portugual in 1580

42
Q

How did Elizabeth use Francis drake?

A

To raid Spanish new world settlements with the aim of disrupting Philip. This then instead angered Philip.

43
Q

What were the flaws in Philip’s stategy?

A

Travelling next to England

Weather

44
Q

How did John Hawkins contribute to the defeat of the Armada?

A

Advised Elizabeth that English ships had to be further developed.

45
Q

What did English galleons contribue to the defeat of the Armada?

A

Quicker, able to carry more guns efficiantly.

46
Q

What did unreliable communications contribute to the defeat of the Armada?

A

The message took a week to the word to reach Parma that Medina-Sidonia was in the channel. Even though the message got through it was too late.

47
Q

What did the Noble Elizabethans do for entertainment?

A 
Hunting on horsebacks 
Hawking
Fishing
Fencing
Real tennis
48
Q

What were the different levels of poverty that were created?

A

Important/deserving poor: The people who were poor through no fault of their own.
Able/idle poor: Those who were fit to work but chose not to.

49
Q

What was poor relief?

A

Financial help available for the poor

50
Q

What was poor rate?

A

The tax that funds the poor relief.

51
Q

Why were the 1570’s a catalyst for action?

A

Growing social unrest
None of the harvests from 1573-77 were good, with the threat of famine.
Cloth trade especially poor.
Unemployment recognised more.

52
Q

Why could Elizabeth’s policies towards the poor be seen as a success?

A

More national approach.
New laws passwd
Poor relief
Recognised poverty and unemployment as a real problem

53
Q

Why could Elizabeth’s policy towards the poor be seen as a failure?

A

It continued to be a problem because of conflict with Netherlands and Spain.
People still fearful of vagabonds
Still local differences in how poor people were treated.

54
Q

Why did Elizabethans want to explore the world?

A

Because they needed new trading oppurtunities snd America had an abundance of crops, precious metals etc.

55
Q

Who was John Hawkins?

A

A navigator, slave trader and the man behind some of the key developments in the English navy.

56
Q

Why was politics a reason for Elizabethans exploring the world?

A

Conflict between Netherlands and Spain cause a lack of trading oppurtunitues.

They needed to explore new markets as they were forced out of the current market by other countries.

They wanted to get back at Spain.

57
Q

Why was Economics a reason for Elizabethans to explore the world?

A

Needed new markets

Massive rewards

Tran-atlantic slave trade very profitable.

58
Q

Why was technology a reason for Elizabethans to explore the world?

A

Navigation had become increasingly accurate which allowed Elizabethans to explore more safely and directly.

Quadrant and astrolabes had become more accurate at calculating a ship’s position.

Mercator map

59
Q

What was the main aim of Drake’s circumnavigation of the world?

A

Raid Spanish colonies. He wanted revenge. There was a lot of money to be made, him and Elizabeth had political reasons.

60
Q

What were the positives of Drakes circumnavigation of the world?

A

He made investors very rich
Morale boost for England
Improving English ship reputation

61
Q

What were the negatives of Drake’s circumnavigation of the world?

A

He only returned with one ship
One sailor was executed
Increased fear of Spanish invasion

62
Q

What would Catholics like from the Religious settlement?

A

That they could still believe in transubstantiation.

Images allowed in churches.

63
Q

What would Protestants like from the Religious settlement?

A

Bible/Prayer books in English.

Control of the Pope ended.

64
Q

What did Elizabeth try and do with the Religious settlement?

A

She tried to follow a middle way in Religion, which both Catholics and Protestants could accept.

65
Q

What 2 acts of parliament did they pass in the Religious settlement? (1959)

A

The act of supremacy and the act of Uniformity. Together these are known as the Elizabethan Religious settlement.

66
Q

Why did the Puritans challenge the Religious settlement?

A

The main problems were with the use of crucifixes and vestments. Elizabeth had to back down over the crucifix but the majority of priests consented about vestments.

67
Q

Why did Catholics challenge the Religious settlement?

A

The Pope instructed Catholics to not attend church services. Many of the English Nobility in the North of England were recusants (Catholics that refused to go to Elizabethan church services). This led to the revolt of the Northern Earls.

68
Q

How were foreign powers Challengers to the Religious settlement?

A

Protestantism was rising in Europe but many leading Catholic powers (France, Spain) were a threat to Elizabeth’s settlement. Religious war broke out in France in 1562 and Elizabeth was worried about this threatening her position Spain’, military presence in the Netherlands during the Dutch revolt was a clear threat to Elizabeth.

69
Q

Who and what was the Babington Plot?(1586)

A

Duke of Guise would again invade, Catholics encouraged to rebel. Anthony Babington wrote to Mary about the plot.

70
Q

What were the events of the Babington plot? (1586)

A

Walsingham intercepted the letters and deciphered the codes within them. Babington and accomplices executed.

71
Q

What was the results/significance of the Babington plot?

A

Elizabeth’s government became determined to crush Catholicism. Mary finally tried by the privy council and setenced to death. Mary executed in February 1587.

72
Q

What was the commercial rivalry?

A

Many English merchants directly challenged Spain’s dominance of the new world (America).
Many even attacked Spanish ships and ports.
Francis Drake was the most famous privateer who stole large amounts from Spain.

73
Q

What happened in April 1587?

A

Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour and destroyed 30 Spanish ships and a large amount of their supplies.

74
Q

What did the actions in April 1587 mean?

A

England knew that Spain was preparing an attack and this raid delayed their preparations by year and this gave the English more time to prepare.

75
Q

What were the reasons for Poverty in Elizabethan England?

A
  • Increased population
  • Rising food prices
  • Sheep farming and enclosure of fields meant less people were employed in farms.
  • More people forced to move to cities to look for work.
  • International problems such as Dutch revolt affected trade
76
Q

What were the policies towards the poor?

A

1563 Statute of Artificers- to collect poor relief money, more harsh treatment of beggars (poor relief was financial help for the very poor paid for by a local tax called the poor rate.

1572 Vagabonds Act- to deter vagrancy. Beggars sent to houses of correction

1576 Poor relief act- to help able bodied people find work. Elderly and sick given alms houses to live in.

77
Q

What was the most important change from the policies towards the poor?

A

These laws recognised that unemployment was a problem that needed to be solved and that people were not unemployed out of laziness/

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