Elimination Flashcards
Antibiotics
Given for infection (UTI)
Diuretics
Increases fluid excretion and prevents fluid reabsorption
Types: Loop, thiazide, potassium-sparing
Drug examples: bumetanide, furosemide, chlorothiazide, metolazone, spironolactone
MONITOR hydration and electrolyte balance
MONITOR vital signs; look for signs of hypotension
MONITOR serum BUN, creatinine, electrolyte values
Patients taking potassium-sparing diuretics should avoid salt substitutes
Cholinergics
Stimulate bladder contractions to facilitate voiding
Drug examples: bethanechol chloride
DO NOT ADMINISTER to patients with GI or urinary tract obstructions, asthma, bradycardia, hypotension, or Parkinson disease
Types of Bladder Incontinence
Stress
Urge
Retention
Function
Types of Bowel Incontinence
Constipation
Diarrhea
Flatulence
Impaction
Abdominal Assessment Steps
#1 -- Inspect/Observe #2 -- Auscultate #3 -- Percussion #4 -- Palpation
Anticholinergics
Reduces urgency and frequency by blocking receptors in detrusor muscle by inhibiting contractions and increase storage of urine
Drug examples: Oxybutynin, tolterodine, darifenacin, solifenacin, trospium, fesoterodine
CONTRAINDICATED in patients with urinary retention, GI motility problems, or uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma
Normal Urine Characteristics
- Color: light straw to amber yellow
- Appearance: Clear
- Odor: faint, aromatic
- Sterility: No microorganisms
- pH: 4.5-8
- Specific Gravity: 1.005-1.030
- Protein: 2-8 mg/dL
- Glucose: not present
- Ketones: not present
- RBCs: none
- WBCs: 3-4 per low-power field
- Casts: occasional hyaline
Polyuria
Production of abnormally large amounts of urine
Anuria
Absence of urine production
Oliguria
Scant urine output, usually less than 500 mL/day
Nocturia
Number of times the patient gets out of bed to void during the night
Example: nocturia x4
Urgency
Sudden strong desire to void
Dysuria
Voiding that is painful or difficult
Residual Urine
Urine that remains in the bladder after voiding; incomplete emptying
Glycosuria
Excretion of carbohydrates into the urine
Nocturnal Enuresis
Bed-wetting; involuntary passage of urine during sleep
Enuresis
Involuntary passing of urine when control should be established
Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination
Fluid and Food Intake Muscle Tone (detrusor muscle) Psychosocial Factors Pathological Conditions Surgical and Diagnostic Procedures Medications
Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination
Diet Fluid Activity Defecation Habits Medications Diagnostic Procedures Anesthesia and Surgical Procedures Pathological Conditions Pain Psychological Factors
Laxatives
Medications that stimulate bowel activity and promote fecal elimination
Gastrocolic Reflex
Increased peristalsis of the colon after food has entered the stomach
Diarrhea
Passage of liquid feces with increased frequency, results from rapid movement of fecal contents through the large intestine
Constipation
Characterized by the passage of fewer than 3 bowel movements per week or by difficulty in passing stools
