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NUR 170 Test 3 > Elimination > Flashcards

Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

Enuresis

A

the involuntary passage of urine when control should be established

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2
Q

Nocturnal Enuresis

A

the involuntary passage of urine during sleep

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3
Q

Glycosuria

A

excretion of carbohydrates into the urine

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4
Q

Polyuria

A

aka diuresis; the production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys- often several liters more than the client’s usual daily output.

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5
Q

Polydipsia

A

a medical condition where extreme thirst leads to compulsive intake of fluid; associated with polyuria

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6
Q

Anuria

A

the absence of urine production

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7
Q

Oliguria

A

scant urine output, usually less than 500mL/day or 30mL/hr in an adult

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8
Q

Urinary Frequency

A

voiding at frequent intervals, more than 4-6 times per day

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9
Q

Nocturia

A

voiding at night

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10
Q

Urgency

A

sudden strong desire to void

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11
Q

Dysuria

A

voiding that is either painful or difficult; can accompany a stricture of the urethra

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12
Q

Urinary Hesitancy

A

a delay and difficulty in initiating voiding, often associated with dysuria

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13
Q

Neurogenic Bladder

A

client unable to perceive bladder fullness or control urinary sphincter

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14
Q

Nocturnal Frequency

A

voiding at frequent intervals during the night

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15
Q

Diuretics

A

drugs that increase urine formation by preventing the re-absorption of water and electrolytes

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16
Q

Urinary Incontinence

A

involuntary leakage of urine

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17
Q

Urinary retention

A

inability to empty bladder completely

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18
Q

Prostatic hyperplasia

A

enlargement of the prostate, may be benign or malignant

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19
Q

Cancer of the urinary system

A

abnormal cellular growth within the organs of the urinary tract

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20
Q

Kidney stones

A

formation of calculi in the calyx of the kidney

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21
Q

Renal Failure

A

insufficient or absent kidney function

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22
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

invasion of the bladder, ureter, or kidney by microorganism

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23
Q

Manifestations of Urinary Incontinence

A

Incontinence associated with stress (coughing, lifting, sneezing)
Incontinence related to urgency (inability to get to a toilet fast enough)
Incontinence related to neurological deficit (after spinal cord injury)

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24
Q

Manifestations of urinary retention

A 
Complete lack of voiding
incomplete bladder emptying
overflow incontinence
pain
constant urge to urinate
weak urinary flow
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25
Q

Manifestations of prostatic hyperplasia

A 
urinary retention
dribbling at the end of urination
incontinence
nocturnal enuresis
pain
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26
Q

Manifestations of cancer of the urinary system

A

blood in urine
frequent urination
painful urination
back or pelvic pain

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27
Q

Manifestations of kidney stones

A

mild to severe pain to one side and back, in the abdomen, or during urination
cloudy or foul smelling urine
frequent urination
nausea and vomitting

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28
Q

Manifestations of renal failure

A 
decreased urine output
fluid retention
shortness of breath
confusion 
chest pain or pressure
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29
Q

Manifestations of urinary tract infection

A

persistent urge to urinate
burning sensation during urination
cloudy, red, or strong smelling urine
pelvic or rectal pain

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30
Q

Interventions and treatments for urinary incontinence

A 
kegel exercises
surgery
bladder training
pharmacologic agents
vaginal devices
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31
Q

Interventions and treatments for urinary retention

A 
Crede maneuver
urinary catheter insertion
discontinuing medications that cause retention
surgery
urinary dilation
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32
Q

Interventions and treatments for prostatic hyperplasia

A 
surgical removal
medications
kegel exercises
scheduled bathroom visits
limits on alcohol and caffeine
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33
Q

Interventions and treatments for cancer of the urinary system

A

surgery
chemotherapy
radiation therapy

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34
Q

Interventions and treatments for kidney stones

A

analgesics
lithotripsy
dietary alterations to reduce risk of recurrence
increased fluid intake

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35
Q

Interventions and treatments for renal failure

A

administration of diuretics if some kidney function remains
Dialysis
kidney transplant

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36
Q

Interventions and treatments for urinary tract infection

A

administration of antibiotics if infection is caused by bacteria
increased fluid intake
cranberry juice to increase urine pH

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37
Q

Residual urine

A

urine that remains in the bladder after voiding

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38
Q

Fluid and Food intakes effect on urinary elimination

A

fluid intake increase leads to fluid output increase
alcohol increases fluid output by inhibiting production of ADH
food and fluid high in sodium cause fluid retention

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39
Q

Muscles tone’s effect on urinary elimination

A

Good muscle tone allows bladder to fill adequately and empty comepletely

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40
Q

Psychosocial factors’ effect on urinary elimination

A

stimulation of mictruition reflex may be affected by privacy, positioning, sufficient time, and occasionally running water.
anxiety may increase muscle tension which inhibits voiding
time pressures may cause individuals to voluntarily suppress urination

41
Q

pathological coniditons’ effect on urinary elimination

A

glomerular dysfunction leads to abnormal levels of protein or blood in the urine
renal failure leads to anuria
conditions that cause a lack of blood flows to the kidneys decrease urine production
conditions that cause fluid loss decrease urine production

42
Q

Surgery and diagnostic procedures effect on urinary elimination

A

Can affect the passage of urine

can cause hematauria

43
Q

Medications effect on urinary elimination

A

Many affecting ANS may cause urinary retention

diuretics cause urine production by preventing re-absorption of water

44
Q

Changes in urinary elimination: fetuses

A

the fetal kidney begins excreting urine between the 11th and 12th week of devlopment

45
Q

Changes in urinary elimination: infants

A

ability to concentrate urine is minimal
urine appears light yellow
voluntary urinary control is absent

46
Q

Changes in urinary elimination: children

A

Kidney reaches maturity between 1 and 2
urine is concentrated effectively, normal amber color
between 18 and 24 months child recognizes bladder fullness, able to hold urine beyond urge to void
between 2.5 and 3 years child can perceive bladder fullness, hold urine after urge, and communicate need to void
full urinary control by 4-5
daytime urinary control by 3

47
Q

Changes in urinary elimination: adults

A

Kidney reaches maximum size between 35 and 40
after age 50 begins to shrink
most shrinkage occurs in cortex as nephrons are lost

48
Q

Changes in urinary elimination: older adults

A

estimated 30% of nephrons lost by 80
renal blood flow decreases
ability to concentrate urine decreases
bladder muscle tone diminishes causing urinary frequency and nocturia
diminished bladder muscle tone leads to residual urine in bladder
urinary incontinence may occur

49
Q

Modifiable risk factors for urinary problems

A

obesity
pregnancy
UTI
increased consumption of bladder irritants
poor lifestyle habits
Medical conditions, procedures, and treatments

50
Q

Urinalysis: amount in 24 hours

A

normal 1200-1500 mL

abnormal <1200 mL; a large amount over intake

51
Q

Urinalysis: color

A

normal light straw to amber

abnormal dark amber, dark orange, red or dark brown

52
Q

Urinalysis: Appearance/clarity

A

normal transparent/clear

abnormal cloudy, mucous plugs, viscous, thick

53
Q

Urinalysis: odor

A

normal faint/aromatic

abnormal offensive

54
Q

Urinalysis: sterility

A

normal no microorganisms present

abnormal: microorganisms present

55
Q

Urinalysis: pH

A

normal 4.5-8

abnormal 8

56
Q

Urinalysis: specific gravity

A

normal 1.005-1.030

abnormal 1.030

57
Q

Urinalysis: protein

A

normal 2-8 mg/dL

abnormal >8 mg/dL

58
Q

Urinalysis: glucose

A

normal not present

abnormal present

59
Q

Urinalysis: ketone bodies

A

normal not present

abnormal present

60
Q

Urinalysis: RBC’s

A

normal none

abnormal >2 per low power field

61
Q

Urinalysis: WBC’s

A

normal 3-4 per low power field

abnormal >4 per low power field

62
Q

Urinalysis: casts

A

normal occasional hyaline

abnormal fatty, granular, renal, tubular epithelial, waxy casts

63
Q

Hemodialysis

A

clients blood flows through vascular catheters, passes by the dialysis solution in the external machine, and then returns to the client

64
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysis solution is instilled into the abdominal cavity through a catheter, allowed to rest there while fluids and molecules exchange, and then is removed by the catheter

65
Q

Defecation

A

expulsion of feces from the anus or rectum

66
Q

Peristalsis

A

wave like muscular contractions that propels food and digestive products through the digestive tract

67
Q

Diet’s effect on bowel elimination

A

Sufficient bulk is necessary to provide volume
low residue foods move slowly through the GI tract
irregular eating can impair regular defecation
spicy foods can produce diarrhea and flatus
excessive sugar can cause flatus
cabbage, onions, cauliflower, bananas, and apples can cause gas
brans, prunes, figs, chocolates and alcohol are laxatives
cheese, pasta, eggs, and lean meat produce constipation

68
Q

Fluid’s effect on bowel elimination

A

healthy fecal output requires daily fluid intake of 2000-3000 mL
reduced fluid intake slows the passage of chyme resulting in dry hard feces

69
Q

Activity’s effect on bowel elimination

A

activity stimulates peristalsis facilitating the movement of chyme through the colon

70
Q

Defecation habits’ effect on bowel elimination

A

early bowel training may establish the habit of defecating at a regular time

71
Q

Medication’s effect on bowel elimination

A

Some medications have side effects that interfere with normal elimination
some medications directly affect elimination
medications may also affect the color of the feces

72
Q

Diagnostic procedures effect on bowel elimination

A

before certain diagnostic procedures clients restriction from ingesting food as well as cleansing enemas may impact normal defecation

73
Q

Anesthesia and surgical products’ effect on bowel elimination

A

general anesthetics cause the normal colonic movements to cease or slow by blocking parasympathetic muscles of the colon

74
Q

Pathological conditions effect on bowel elimination

A

Spinal cord injuries may reduce sensory stimulation
impaired mobility may limit ability to respond to urge
poorly functioning anal sphincters may cause incontinence

75
Q

Pain’s effect on bowel elimination

A

clients who experience discomfort when defecating often suppress the urge to avoid pain. this leads to constipation.

76
Q

Psychological factors effect on bowel elimination

A

anger or anxiety may lead to increased peristaltic activity

depression may slow peristaltic activity

77
Q

Ileus

A

temporary cessation of intestinal motility (24-48 hrs) caused by direct handling during surgery.

78
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: Newborns

A

Pass meconium normally in first 8-24 hours, almost always within 48
Transitional stool for next day or too and then stool should become entirely fecal

79
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: infants

A

Frequency in bowel movements can be one every 2 or 3 days or up to 10 a day
breastfed infants may defecate after every meal, stool will be mustard yellow and have seedy appearance
formula fed infants will not defecate as often as breastfed infants, stools will be tan to yellow to green

80
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: toddlers

A

some daytime control starts between 1.5 and 2 and full daytime control is normally present by 2.5

81
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: children and adolescents

A

same as adults

82
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: older adults

A

up to half of older adults suffer from constipation
older adults should be advised that normal patterns of defecation range from 3 times a day to 3 times a week
older adults should be warned that the consistent use of laxatives inhibits natural defecation reflexes

83
Q

Changes in fecal elimination: pregnant women

A

elevated progesterone levels result in delayed gastric emptying and decreased peristalsis
cardiac sphincter may relax causing heartburn
bowels tend to be sluggish after birth
women who has a cesarean birth may experience some initial discomfort from flatulence

84
Q

Meconium

A

tarry black stools formed by the fetus in utero consisting of amniotic fluid, intestinal secretions, and shed mucosal cells

85
Q

Gastrocolic reflex

A

increased peristalsis of the colon after the food has entered the stomach

86
Q

Reflux

A

a backwards flow of acidic secretions into the lower esophagus

87
Q

Constipation

A

infrequent passage of hard stool

88
Q

Diarrhea

A

passage of liquid stools

89
Q

Bowel incontinence

A

inability to control the release of feces

90
Q

Impaction

A

mass or collection of hardened feces in the rectum

91
Q

Bowel Cancer

A

abnormal growth of cells in the bowel

92
Q

Obstruction

A

blockage in the bowel preventing or reducing the passage of fecal material

93
Q

Manifestations of constipation

A

straining with defecation
lumpy or hard stools
sensation of incomplete emptying
fewer that 3 bowel movements per week

94
Q

Manifestations of diarrhea

A 
frequent, runny stools
hyperactive bowel sounds
bowel incontinence
abdominal cramps
fever
dehydration
95
Q

Manifestations of bowel incontinence

A

leakage of feces from the anus
loss of pelvic muscle control
lack of ability to respond to urge to defecate

96
Q

Manifestations of impaction

A 
constipation
fecal incontinence
abdominal cramping
straining during defecation
small, semi formed stools
loss of bladder control
97
Q

Manifestations of bowel cancer

A 
early cancer possibly no signs
blood in stool
persistent changes in bowel habits
abdominal pain
unexplained weight loss
anemia
bowel obstruction
vomiting
98
Q

Manifestations of obstruction

A 
abdominal distention and cramping
abdominal fullness
constipation or diarrhea
vomiting
inability to pass gas

NUR 170 Test 3 (1 decks)

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