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LIT > ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY > Flashcards

ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY Flashcards

1
Q

is a casually related sequence of actions and events in the story

A

Plot

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2
Q

The characters and the situation before the action proper is presented

A

Introduction (exposition)

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3
Q

: This stage unfolds the problem; the conflict begins.

A

Beginning of the Action (complication)

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4
Q

The main character’s struggles lead to the crisis or turning point (a decisive turn for better or for worse)

A

Middle of the Action (continuation of the complication)

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5
Q

This stage unfolds how the conflict or problem is resolved leading to its end

A

End of the Actión (résolution/denouement):

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6
Q

This stage rounds off the action a period of time after a disastrous event, However, a story may end with a swift resolution and has no aftermath.

A

Conclusion (aftermath):

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7
Q

refer to any make-believe persons encountered in the story. They may sometimes be animals or even objects in the story.

A

Characters

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8
Q

supports the good side

A

protagonist (hero)

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9
Q

contradicts the good intention of the protagonist

A

antagonist (villain)

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10
Q

supports the main character

A

confidant/cornfidante (sidekick)

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11
Q

make the setting real; i.c. students in a university, employees in ah office

A

Background characters (minor)

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12
Q

Methods of Character Portrayal:

A

Direct and Indirect Method

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13
Q

describes a character with a straightforward enumeration of his or her traits

A

Direct Method

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14
Q

shows a character in the following ways:
By action - through the character’s mannerisms and gestures

By word - through the character’s words and speech accent.

By thought-through what and how the character thinks.

By physical appearance-through a description of how the character looks like

By what others say-through someone’s reaction or description of others.

By juxtaposition with other characters, through the reactions of the characters to each other.

A

Indirect Method

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15
Q

refers to the time, physical, and social locality in which the story occurs.

A

Setting

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16
Q

Principal Functions of the Setting:

A

A. It can give immediacy to the story. This refers to the deadline or time limit of the hero to solve the problem.

B. It can lend an atmosphere to the story and thus, contribute to its emotional effect. 1

Examples: haunted house-strong feeling of fear, horror death in the family-grief, lament, deep sortow

C. It can enter directly into the meaning of the story, giving hints to the characters.

Example: May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin: It bespeaks of a woman who has been trapped of the snares of that May night and summertime.

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17
Q

refers to the main meaning of the story as projected by the characters, or the central or dominating idea in the story; a generalization about life or human character that a story explicitly or implicit embodies; a writer’s philosophy that does not necessarily have to be agreeable.

A

Theme

18
Q

Guide to Stating the Theme:

A

A. The title of a story may directly lead to a generalization.

Example: We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers-by Alejandro Roces

B. The resolution of the conflict may lead to a generalization.

Example: Footnote to Youth by Jose Garcia-Villa: Love must triumph now… Youth must triumph now… Afterwards… it will be Life.

C. The theme is not always explicit. The render is left to arrive at it.

D. Symbolic elements may point towards the theme.

Example: Scent of Apples by Bienvenido Santos: A Filipino living in America may feel lonely and alienated.

E. The theme should be stated in a complete sentence.

Example: wrong: Love and deception right: Love can be deceiving.

19
Q

is the focus of the narration, in whose eyes the story is seen (angle of vision), or who tells the story.

A

Point of View.

20
Q

The author speaks as one of the characters.
Example: My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken by Alejandro Roces

A

first person (“F”)-

21
Q

A character may tell in the first person a story which he or she has observed.

Example: How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla

A

First person observer-

22
Q

The narrator tells what happens in a purely objective manner. It tells the actions and thoughts of the character’s without revealing their emotions.

A

scenic or observer-

23
Q

The natrator tells all including the actions, thoughts and feelings of the characters.

Example: The Exile by Ricardo Patalinjug

A

Ominiscient

24
Q

The narrator is not part of the story, or is an oûtsider, a variation of the omniscient.

Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez

E composite-Each of the characters tells his story in the first person. Example; What Signified the Expatriates by Nick Joaquin

A

Third person

25
Q

Each of the characters tells his story in the first person.

Example; What Signified the Expatriates by Nick Joaquin

A

Composite

26
Q

refers to the attitudes taken by the writer toward some ideas or toward his work.

Example: ironic, humorous, nostalgic, etc. Tai

A

Tone

27
Q

is a discrepancy between what seems and what is.

A

Irony

28
Q

is a discrepancy between what a speaker says and what he means

A

Verbal irony

29
Q

is a discrepancy between the meaning intended by the fictional character and the meaning that the reader can simultaneously find in the same words.

Example: In May Day Eve: the “Devil” according to Dona Agueda-For the little girl, she literally means the demon, but for the readers it connotes the wicked person Agueda is referring to in the story.

C. Situational irony is a discrepancy between expectation and result, intention and outcome.

Example: In My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken by Alejandro Roces: Both bothers are finally convinced that the chicken is a rooster. But when it quivers and then cackles, it lays an egg.

A

Dramatic Irony

30
Q

is a discrepancy between expectation and result, intention and outcome.

Example: In My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken by Alejandro Roces: Both bothers are finally convinced that the chicken is a rooster. But when it quivers and then cackles, it lays an egg.

A

Situational irony

31
Q

refers to the outcome of events that rewards the good and punishes the evil; an ending in which the hero gets what he deserves.

A

Poetic justice

32
Q

refer is to the dropping of important hints by the author to prepare the reader for what to come.

A

Foreshadowing

33
Q

refers to the clash between two opposing forces, Ideas or beliefs, upon which the action depends

A

Conflict

34
Q

Types of Conflict:

A
  • Elemental or physical
    -social
    -Internal or psychological
35
Q

-The struggle is between the character and the physical world.

A

Elemental or physical

36
Q

The strüggle is between two characters.

A

Social

37
Q

-The struggle is between two opposing desires within a person.

A

Internal or psychological

38
Q

Poetic Devices:

A
  • Tone(poetic voice)
  • Alliteration
    -Assonance
    -Meter
39
Q

is the quality of voice which reveals the attitude of the narrator. The poetic voice may be calm, confident, shrill, defiant, sarcastic, serious, humorous, affectionate, defiant, angry, critical, condescending, melancholic, fascinated, fearful, etc.

A

Tone (poetic voice)

40
Q

is the repetition of the consonant sounds.

Example: Thoughtfulness of a thinkers thankfulness

A

Alliteration

41
Q

is the repetition of vowel sounds.

Example: Strips of tinfoil winking like people

A

Assonance

42
Q

Is the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in measurable rhythms.

Example: an iambic (unstressed and stressed syllable) tetrameter (four feet) Roman/tic free/lands dead / and gone

A

Meter

LIT (5 decks)

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