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Medical Microbiology I > Elements of the Host Protective Response (Part 1) > Flashcards

Elements of the Host Protective Response (Part 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunology

A
  • Study of the immune system and its response to invading pathogens
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2
Q

Immune system

A
  • The molecules, cells, tissues and organs that collectively function to provide immunity, or protection, against infectious pathogens
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3
Q

Immunity

A
  • Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
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4
Q

Immune response

A
  • A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual
  • Mediated by the cells and molecules of the immune system
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5
Q

Initial defense mechanisms are barriers

A
  • Skin
  • Acid and bile of the gastrointestinal tract
  • Mucus at entry sites that inactivate and prevent entry of the foreign agents
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6
Q

Innate immunity (nonspecific)

A
  • Mediates the initial protection against infections
  • Relies on mechanisms that exist before infection
  • Capable of rapid responses to microbes, and react in essentially the same way to repeat infections
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7
Q

Adaptive immunity (specific)

A
  • Develops more slowly

- Mediated by lymphocytes and is stimulated by exposure to infectious agents

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8
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • Also called natural or native immunity
  • Always present in healthy individuals
  • Prepared to block the entry of microbes and rapidly eliminate microbes that succeed in entering tissues
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9
Q

Epithelial barriers

A
  • Prevent infections
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10
Q

Soluble factors and stimulators (innate immune system)

A
  • Interferon
  • Cytokines
  • Chemokines
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11
Q

Cellular component (innate immune system)

A
  • Eliminate microbes

- Natural killer cells, neutrophils & macrophages

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12
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Hormone-like proteins that regulate immune responses
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13
Q

Interferons

A
  • Proteins produced in response to viral and other infections
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14
Q

Chemokines

A
  • Smaller proteins that are also regulatory for the immune system
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15
Q

Adaptive immune system

A
  • Also called specific or acquired immunity
  • Stimulated by microbes that invade tissues
  • Adapts to the presence of microbial invaders
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16
Q

Adaptive immunity is characterized by

A
  • Specificity for distinct macromolecules

- Memory (ability to respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbe)

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17
Q

Stem cell

A
  • An undifferentiated cell that divides continuously

- Gives rise to additional stem cells and to cells of multiple lineages; “colony-forming unit

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18
Q

Stem cells reside primarily in

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Can also be isolated from the fetal blood in umbilical cords
  • Rare in adult blood
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19
Q

Differentiation of stem cells into functional blood cells is triggered by

A
  • Specific cell surface interactions with the stromal cells of the marrow
  • Specific cytokines produced by these and other cells
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20
Q

Differentiation of a common progenitor cell

A
  • The pluripotent stem cell

- Gives rise to all blood cells

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21
Q

Pluripotent stem cell (progenitor cell)

A
  • Undifferentiated bone marrow cell that gives rise to the cells of the lymphoid, myeloid and erythrocytic lineages
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22
Q

Cell differentiation

A
  • Acquirement of functions different from those of the original cell type
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23
Q

Distinguishing types of white blood cells

A
  • Morphology & histologic staining
  • Immunologic functions
  • Intracellular & cell surface markers
24
Q

Cluster of differentation (CD)

A
  • Markers used to define white blood cell type
25
Q

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

A
  • All nucleated cells express MHC I antigens

- MCH I recognizes self from non-self

26
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A
  • Generative lymphoid organs
  • Sites of initial lymphocyte differentiation
  • Essential to the development of the immune system
27
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (names)

A
  • Bone marrow

- Thymus

28
Q

Bone marrow

A
  • Central cavity of bone is the site of generation of all circulating blood cells in the adult
  • Site of B cell maturation
29
Q

Thymus

A
  • A bilobed organ situated in the anterior mediastinum

- Site of maturation of T lymphocytes from bone marrow-derived precursors

30
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • Peripheral lymphoid organs

- Places where dendritic cells and B and T lymphocytes reside and respond to antigenic challenges

31
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs (names)

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
  • Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches)
  • Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (tonsils, appendix)
32
Q

Swollen glands

A
  • Proliferation of the lymphocytes in response to infectious challenge causes these tissues to swell
33
Q

Cells of the primary and secondary lymphoid organs express

A
  • Cell surface adhesion molecules

- Interact with homing receptors expressed on B and T cells

34
Q

Spleen and lymph nodes

A
  • Encapsulated organs in which the macrophages and B and T cells reside in defined regions
  • Promote development of adaptive immune responses
35
Q

Spleen and lymph node location significance

A
  • Facilitates interactions that promote immune responses to antigen
36
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  • Site where immune response is initiated
  • Located along lymphatic channels throughout the body
  • Antigen capture and transport system
37
Q

Lymph

A
  • Fluid from all epithelia and connective tissues is drained by lymphatics
  • Transport the fluid (lymph) from the tissues to the lymph nodes
38
Q

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • Located in the lymph nodes

- Sample the antigens of microbes that may enter through epithelia into tissues

39
Q

Swollen lymph nodes

A
  • Denotes stimulation of immunity and cell growth
40
Q

3 layers of the lymph node

A
  • Cortex
  • Paracortex
  • Medulla
41
Q

Lymph node cortex

A
  • Outer layer

- Contains mainly B cells, follicular dendritic cells & macrophages arranged in clusters (follicles)

42
Q

Lymph node paracortex

A
  • Contains dendritic cells that bring antigens from the tissues to be presented to the T cells to initiate immune responses
43
Q

Lymph node medulla

A
  • Contains B and T cells and antibody-producing plasma cells
44
Q

Spleen

A
  • Large abdominal organ that acts like a lymph node

- Site of immune responses to antigens in blood

45
Q

Spleen functions

A
  • Filters antigens, encapsulated bacteria, and viruses from blood
  • Removes aged blood cells and platelets
46
Q

Spleen structure

A
  • Consists of 2 types of tissue, the white pulp and the red pulp
47
Q

White pulp of the spleen

A
  • Consists of arterioles surrounded by lymphoid cells (periarteriolar lymphoid sheath) in which the T cells surround the central arteriole
48
Q

B cells of the white pulp

A
  • Organized into primary unstimulated or secondary stimulated follicles that have a germinal center
49
Q

Germinal center of the white pulp contains

A
  • Memory cells
  • Macrophages
  • Follicular dendritic cells
50
Q

Red pulp of the spleen

A
  • Storage site for blood cells

- Site of turnover of aged platelets and erythrocytes

51
Q

Cutaneous and mucosal associated lymphoid systems

A
  • Under the epithelia of the skin
  • Gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
  • Sites of immune responses to antigens that breach the epithelia
52
Q

At any time, more than half of the body’s lymphocytes are in

A
  • Mucosal tissues

- Many of these are memory cells

53
Q

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A
  • Peyer’s pathches
  • Tonsils
  • Lymphoepithelial organs
54
Q

Tonsils

A
  • Contain large number of mature and memory B cells
  • Use their antibodies to sense specific pathogens
  • Work with dendritic cells and T cells to initiate immune responses
55
Q

Swelling of the tonsils

A
  • May be caused by infection or a response to infection
56
Q

Peyer’s patches

A
  • Special cells in the epithelium (M cells)

- Deliver antigens to the lymphocytes contained in defined regions T [interfollicular] and B [germinal]

57
Q

Lymphoepithelial organs

A
  • Sample the microbes in the oral and nasal area

Medical Microbiology I (8 decks)

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