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Chemistry > Elements of life - definitions > Flashcards

Elements of life - definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ammonium ion?

A

NH4+
Inorganic ion

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2
Q

What is amount of substance?

A

Quantity of a chemical
Measured in miles
Used in counting atoms

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3
Q

What are the equations for amount of substance?

A

moles = mass/Mr
moles = concentration x volume

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4
Q

How to convert between cm3 to dm3

A

Divide 1000

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5
Q

Atomic number?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus

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6
Q

Atomic orbitals?

A

Region of space around a nucleus which can contain up to 2 electrons
1 orbital in the s sub shell
3 orbitals in the p sub shell
5 orbital in the d sub shell
Orbitals fill in order of increasing energy
Occupied singly before pairing

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7
Q

Avogadro’s constant?

A

6.02 x 10^23 mol^-1
Number of particles per mole of a substance

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8
Q

Carbonate?

A

CO3^2-
Ion

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9
Q

Composition by mass?

A

Relative mass of each element in a compound

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10
Q

Concentration?

A

Amount of substance per unit volume
g/dm3
mol/dm3

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11
Q

Electron?

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle which orbits nucleus at different energy levels

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12
Q

Fusion reactions?

A

Under conditions of high temperature and pressure, light nuclei join to give heavier nuclei
How certain elements are formed

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13
Q

Hydroxide?

A

Ion
OH-

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14
Q

Ion

A

Particle formed when an atom/molecule loses or gains electrons
Becomes charged

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15
Q

Ionic compound

A

A compound made up of oppositely charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces
Metal and non-metal

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16
Q

Isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons
Isotopes of an element have different mass numbers

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17
Q

Mass number?

A

Total protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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18
Q

Molecular formula?

A

Formula which shows the actual number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule
e.g. glucose is C6H12O6

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19
Q

Neutron?

A

No charge
Found in nucleus of an atom
Relative mass of 1

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20
Q

Nitrate?

A

Ion
NO3-

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21
Q

P orbital?

A

Dumbbell-shaped region
3 orbitals at right angles to each other each with up to 2 electrons held
So overall it can hold up to 6 electrons

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22
Q

Percentage yield?

A

actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

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23
Q

Proton?

A

Positively charged
Relative mass of 1

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24
Q

Relative atomic mass?

A

Weighted mean mass of an atom

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25
Q

Relative formula mass?

A

Mass of the formula unit of a compound with a giant structure

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26
Q

Relative isotopic mass?

A

Mass of an atom of an isotope

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27
Q

Relative atomic mass?

A

Average mass of one molecule of an element or compound

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28
Q

S-orbital?

A

Spherical
Each orbital can hold up to 2 electrons

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29
Q

Shell?

A

Energy level which orbits the nucleus

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30
Q

Standard solution?

A

Solution that has a known concentration of a compound/element

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31
Q

Sub-shell?

A

Subdivision of electron shells into different orbitals
s, p, d, f

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32
Q

Sulfate?

A

Ion
SO4^2-

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33
Q

Titration?

A

Technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution by using a second solution with a known concentration

34
Q

Water of crystallisation?

A

Water molecules that form part of the crystalline structure of a compound

35
Q

Covalent bond?

A

Strong electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and the shared electrons between them

36
Q

Covalent substance?

A

Substance made of atoms that are covalently bonded to each other

37
Q

Dative covalent bonding?

A

When an atom donates both electrons in a covalent bond

38
Q

Electron pair repulsion?

A

The repulsion between pairs of electrons which means the shape of the molecule adopts has its electrons as far apart as possible

39
Q

Electrostatic attraction?

A

Attraction between two species with opposite charges

40
Q

Giant atomic structure?

A

Large structures containing lots of atoms that are covalently bonded to each other
e.g. Diamond

41
Q

Giant ionic lattice?

A

Regular repeating structure made up of oppositely charged ions

42
Q

Ionic charge?

A

Electrical charge of an ion caused by the gain or loss of electrons

43
Q

Ionic bond?

A

Strong electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions

44
Q

Ionic compound?

A

Compound made up on onions and cations held together by ionic bonds due to electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

45
Q

Linear?

A

Shape of a molecule
2 bonding pairs and no lone pairs

46
Q

Metallic bonding?

A

Strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and the sea of delocalised electrons around them

47
Q

Non-linear/bent?

A

Shape of molecule
2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs

48
Q

Octahedral?

A

Shape of molecule
6 bonding pairs

49
Q

Pyramidal?

A

Shape of molecule
3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair

50
Q

Simple molecular structure?

A

Atoms that are covalently bonded together to form relatively small molecules

51
Q

Solubility in water?

A

Degree to which a substance can dissolve in water

52
Q

Tetrahedral?

A

Shape of molecule
4 bonding pairs

53
Q

Trigonal bipyramidal?

A

Shape of molecule
5 bonding pairs

54
Q

Trigonal planar?

A

Shape of molecule
3 bonding pairs

55
Q

Anion?

A

Negatively charged ion

56
Q

Cation?

A

Positively charged ion

57
Q

Charge density?

A

Ratio of the charge of an ion compared to its volume

58
Q

First ionisation energy?

A

Energy required to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions

59
Q

Precipitation reaction?

A

A reaction in which solutions react to form an insoluble product
Colour of the precipitate formed can be used to identify which halide is present in a solution

60
Q

Precipitate?

A

Solid formed from a reaction in solution

61
Q

P-block element?

A

Elements in groups 3-8/0 of periodic table
P-block non-metals generally undergo reduction reactions

62
Q

S-block element?

A

Elements in groups 1 and 2
S-block elements generally undergo oxidation reactions

63
Q

Alkali?

A

A base which is soluble in water

64
Q

Brønsted-Lowry acid?

A

Proton donors
H+ ions

65
Q

Brønsted-Lowry base?

A

Proton acceptors

66
Q

Diprotic acid?

A

An acid that can release two H+ ions upon dissociation

67
Q

Monoprotic acid?

A

An acid that can release only one H+ upon dissociation

68
Q

Neutralisation?

A

Reaction between an acid and a base which react to make a salt and water

69
Q

Neutralisation equation?

A

H+(aq) + OH- (aq) —> H20 (l)

70
Q

Polyprotic acid?

A

An acid that can release more than one H+ ions upon dissociation

71
Q

Strong acid?

A

Dissociates/ionises almost fully in water
Nearly all the H+ ions are released

72
Q

Weak acid?

A

Doesn’t fully dissociate/ionise in water
Only small number of H+ ions are released

73
Q

Weak base?

A

Only slightly dissociates/ionises in water

74
Q

Strong base?

A

Almost fully dissociates/ionises in water

75
Q

Absorption spectra?

A

Spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that has been transmitted through an atom or molecule
Shows dark bands due to the absorption of the radiation at specific wavelengths

76
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum?

A

Range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and the respective wavelengths

77
Q

Emission spectra?

A

Spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation that has been emitted by an atom or molecule undergoing a transition from a state with higher energy to a state with lower energy

78
Q

Flame test?

A

Analytical technique used to identify certain elements and ions based on the colour produced

79
Q

Infrared?

A

Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelengths between 780nm and 1mm

80
Q

UV?

A

Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelengths between 10nm and 400nm

81
Q

Visible light?

A

Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelengths between 380nm and 700nm

82
Q

Mass spectrometry?

A

Technique used to identify compounds and determine their relative molecular mass and the relative abundance of isotopes in a sample

Chemistry (1 decks)

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